Phase 1 of this study compared the effectiveness of 3 approved DAA (direct-acting antiviral) HCV treatment regimens to learn whether they worked equally well under real-world conditions. Phase 2 of this study began early 2017 with removal of 1 DAA regimen, limiting randomization to just 2 FDA approved DAA regimens. Patients receiving HCV therapy in community and academic clinics were offered the opportunity to consent to be randomly assigned to one of three (phase 1) or one of two (phase 2) regimens and observed for outcomes. Once randomized, all medical care, laboratory testing, and any disease or side effect management were assumed by usual care conditions, and patient-reported outcomes were collected outside clinic in keeping with pragmatic design principles.
In Phase 1 of this study, consented patients were randomized to 1 of the following 3 HCV DAA treatments: 1) Harvoni® (SOF/LDV) 2) Viekira Pak™ (PrOD) 3) Zepatier™ (EBR/GZR) with the optional addition of Ribavirin (RBV) and the length of treatment determined by the individual provider. In Phase 2 of this study, consented patients were randomized to 1 of 2 FDA approved HCV treatments: Harvoni® or Zepatier™. Both Phase 1 and Phase 2 subjects had up to 1 tablespoon of blood drawn for HCV resistance testing and future biorepository testing (following appropriate additional consent). The results of testing determined whether a genotype 1a subject randomized to Zepatier would be provided 12 or 16 wks of Zepatier. Following enrollment/randomization, participants completed patient reported outcome questionnaires (PROs) via electronic device or telephone. Following baseline/randomization, participants were asked to complete surveys again at Wk 4 of treatment, End of Treatment, 1 and 3 year post treatment. Patients continued standard medical care throughout study. Data was abstracted from test results and medical records throughout treatment and for up to 3 years post treatment.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
1,275
Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir (400/90 mg) for approximately 12 to 24 weeks (treatment duration and use of ribavirin is per discretion of HCV provider)
Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (12.5/75/50mg) (2 tablets taken orally) and Dasabuvir (250 mg tablet) (1 tablet twice daily) with food for 12 to 24 weeks (treatment duration as per HCV provider)
Elbasvir/grazoprevir (50/100mg) tablet once daily with or without food with or without RBV for 12 to 16 weeks
200 mg pills (1-3 pills, 1-2 times per day)
Liver Wellness Center
Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
Stanford University
Palo Alto, California, United States
UCSD Medical Center
San Diego, California, United States
UCSF/Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center
San Francisco, California, United States
Univ of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, United States
Sustained Virologic Response (SVR12) mITT With Imputation-Phase 1 and 2 EBR/GZR, SOF/LDV
SVR (Sustained Virologic Response) 12 will be defined as undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at 12 week follow-up visit (12 -24 weeks after HCV treatment discontinuation at discretion of provider). mITT with imputation (missing=failure). Total number of subjects reflects participants from EBR/GZR with or without RBV and SOF/LDV with or without RBV randomized during Phase 1 and Phase 2.
Time frame: 12 weeks post-treatment
Phase 1/2 Number of Participants With Sustained Virologic Response (SVR12-mITT Without Imputation)
SVR (Sustained Virologic Response) 12 will be defined as undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at 12 week follow-up visit (12 -24 weeks after HCV treatment discontinuation as dictated by standard of care at each individual site). Number of subjects reflects participants who started EBR/GZR or SOF/LDV- based treatment (with or without RBV) during Phase 1 and 2.
Time frame: 12-24 weeks post HCV treatment
Phase 1-Sustained Virologic Response (SVR12) mITT With Imputation
SVR (Sustained Virologic Response) 12 will be defined as patients who have undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at 12 week follow-up visit (12 -24 weeks after HCV treatment discontinuation as dictated by standard of care at each individual site). mITT with imputation (missing=failure). Total number of subjects reflects participants from Phase 1 only.
Time frame: 12 weeks post-treatment
Phase 1 Number of Participants With Sustained Virologic Response (SVR12-mITT Without Imputation)
SVR (Sustained Virologic Response) 12 will be defined as undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at 12 week follow-up visit (12 -24 weeks after HCV treatment discontinuation as dictated by standard of care at each individual site). Number of subjects reflects participants randomized during Phase 1 only.
Time frame: 12 -24 weeks post-treatment
Mean Change in Headache-PRO Scores -Phase 1
Headache was evaluated by the HIT-6 score, a validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs) 'PROMIS Headache Impact Test (HIT)' with scores ranging from 36 to 78 with higher score reflecting greater impact. Mean change in headache side effect was evaluated using difference between baseline value of HIT-6 score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Estimates of mean change and differences obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated baseline score as one of outcomes. Negative values for mean change represent improvement in symptom.
Time frame: Baseline to On-Treatment
Mean Change in Headache-EBR/GZR and SOF/LDV
Headache was evaluated by the HIT-6 score, a validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs) 'PROMIS Headache Impact Test (HIT)' with scores ranging from 36 to 78 with higher score reflecting greater impact. Mean change in headache side effect was evaluated using difference between baseline value of HIT-6 score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Estimates of mean change and differences obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated baseline score as one of outcomes. Negative values for mean change represent improvement, while negative values for 'difference' indicate LDV/SOF performed better than PrOD
Time frame: Baseline to On-Treatment
Median Change in Headache -Phase 1
Headache was evaluated by the HIT-6 score, a validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs) 'PROMIS Headache Impact Test (HIT)' with scores ranging from 36 to 78 with higher score reflecting greater impact. Median change in headache side effect was evaluated using difference between baseline value of HIT-6 score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Estimates of mean change and differences obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated baseline score as one of outcomes. Negative values for change represent improvement, while negative values for 'difference' indicate LDV/SOF performed better than PrOD
Time frame: 12 weeks (Baseline and Average On-treatment Score)
Median Change in Headache-Phase 2
Headache was evaluated by the HIT-6 score, a validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs) 'PROMIS Headache Impact Test (HIT)' with scores ranging from 36 to 78 with higher score reflecting greater impact. Median change in headache side effect was evaluated using difference between baseline value of HIT-6 score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Estimates of median change and differences obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated baseline score as one of outcomes. Negative values for mean change represent improvement, while negative values for 'difference' indicate LDV/SOF performed better than PrOD
Time frame: Baseline -on Treatment (12-16 weeks)
Mean Change in Nausea/Vomiting PRO Score -Phase 1
Patients completed the PROMIS® Nausea Short Form at Baseline (T1) and on-treatment. PROMIS raw scores from each of the completed questionnaires were converted to standardized T-scores. Change was calculated as the difference between baseline and on-treatment score. T-scores for the PROMIS Nausea and Vomiting 4a scale range from 45.0 - 80.1. Higher scores indicate worse nausea. Negative values for mean change represent improvement. The estimates of mean change and differences were obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated the baseline score as one of the outcomes. The model expressed mean score as a function of DAA regimen, cirrhosis status, HCV genotype, sex, age, race, and previous treatment status.
Time frame: Baseline to On-Treatment
Mean Change in Nausea/Vomiting PROMIS Score -EBR/GZR vs. LDV/SOF
Participants completed the Patient Reported Outcomes surveys (PROs) 'PROMIS Nausea/Vomiting -4 Short Form' at baseline and during treatment. Raw scores are converted to standardized T-scores with a range of 45.0-80.1. Higher scores indicate worse nausea/vomiting. Results presented as mean difference from baseline to average of on Treatment Scores (highest/worst) score during treatment. A negative (-) PROMIS change score is suggestive of symptom improvement or lack of drug side effect. Estimates of mean change were obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated the baseline score as one of the outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline and Average On-Treatment Score
Median Change in Nausea PRO Score -Phase 1
Patients completed the PROMIS® Nausea Short Form at Baseline (T1) and on-treatment. PROMIS raw scores from each of the completed questionnaires were converted to standardized T-scores. Change was calculated as the difference between baseline and on-treatment score. T-scores for the PROMIS Nausea and Vomiting 4a scale range from 45.0 - 80.1. Higher scores indicate worse nausea. Negative values for mean change represent improvement. The estimates of change and differences were obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated the baseline score as one of the outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline to end of treatment
Median Change in Nausea PROMIS Score-EBR/GZR SOF/LDV
Patients completed the PROMIS® Nausea Short Form at Baseline (T1) and on-treatment. PROMIS raw scores from each of the completed questionnaires were converted to standardized T-scores. Change was calculated as the difference between baseline and on-treatment score. T-scores for the PROMIS Nausea and Vomiting 4a scale range from 45.0 - 80.1. Higher scores indicate worse nausea. Negative values for change represent improvement. The estimates of change and differences were obtained from a constrained longitudinal linear mixed-effects model that treated the baseline score as one of the outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline- On Treatment (up to 16 weeks)
Mean Change in Fatigue PRO Score -Phase 1
Fatigue severity collected from validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs), 'PROMIS Fatigue Short Form'. PROMIS® T-scores were computated to compare difference between baseline value of PROMIS score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Results presented as computated t-score from baseline to average of on Treatment Scores. A positive (+) score suggests improvements in functional well-being. A negative (-) PRO change score is suggestive of symptom improvement or lack of drug side effect. PROMIS Fatigue Score scale per question: 1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always with 7 questions for a total maximum score of 35.
Time frame: Baseline to On-treatment
Mean Change in Fatigue PRO -EBR/GZR vs SOF/LDV
Fatigue severity collected from validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs), 'PROMIS Fatigue Short Form'. PROMIS® T-scores were computated to compare difference between baseline value of PROMIS score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Results presented as computated t-score from baseline to average of on Treatment Scores. A positive (+) score suggests improvements in functional well-being. A negative (-) PRO change score is suggestive of symptom improvement or lack of drug side effect. PROMIS Fatigue Score scale per question: 1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always with 7 questions for a total maximum score of 35.
Time frame: Baseline and Average On-Treatment Score
Median Change in Fatigue -Phase 1
Fatigue severity collected from validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs), 'PROMIS Fatigue Short Form'. PROMIS® T-scores were computated to compare difference between baseline value of PROMIS score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Results presented as computated t-score from baseline to average of on Treatment Scores. A positive (+) score suggests improvements in functional well-being. A negative (-) PRO change score is suggestive of symptom improvement or lack of drug side effect. PROMIS Fatigue Score scale per question: 1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always with 7 questions for a total maximum score of 35.
Time frame: Baseline to End of Treatment
Median Change in Fatigue-Phase 2
Fatigue severity collected from validated, Patient Reported Outcomes survey (PROs), 'PROMIS Fatigue Short Form'. PROMIS® T-scores were computated to compare difference between baseline value of PROMIS score to the highest (worst) score during treatment. Results presented as computated t-score from baseline to average of on Treatment Scores. A positive (+) score suggests improvements in functional well-being. A negative (-) PRO change score is suggestive of symptom improvement or lack of drug side effect. PROMIS Fatigue Score scale per question: 1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always with 7 questions for a total maximum score of 35.
Time frame: Baseline-On Treatment (up to 16 weeks)
Mean Change in HCV- PRO- Phase 1
HCV-PRO, a survey for patients with HCV that measures physical, emotional, and social functioning, productivity, intimacy, and perception of quality of life, was used to assess 'overall functioning and well-being'. In general, lower score is worst outcome and higher scores indicate greater well-being and functioning. However, for ease of interpretation, HCV-PRO scale has been transformed by using '100 - HCV-PRO' ultimately revising the score to mean 0 (lowest score) is best to 100 (worst outcome). A positive change (End of treatment to baseline) suggests improvements in functional well-being. Total score = (SUM-N)/(4\*N)\*100, where N is the number of questions answered.
Time frame: Baseline to End of Treatment
Median Change in HCV-PRO (Overall Well Being) -Phase 1
HCV-PRO, a survey for patients with HCV that measures physical, emotional, and social functioning, productivity, intimacy, and perception of quality of life, was used to assess 'Overall Functioning and Well-being'. In general, lower score is worst outcome and higher scores indicate greater well-being and functioning. However, for ease of interpretation, HCV-PRO scale has been transformed by using '100 - HCV-PRO' ultimately revising the score to mean 0 (lowest score) is best to 100 (worst outcome). A positive change (End of treatment to baseline) suggests improvements in functional well-being. Total score = (SUM-N)/(4\*N)\*100, where N is the number of questions answered.
Time frame: Baseline to End of Treatment
Mean Change in HCV-PRO (Functional Well-being) EBR/GZR vs. SOF/LDV Score-Phase 2
HCV-PRO, a survey designed to assess functional status of patients with HCV and measures physical, emotional, and social functioning, productivity, intimacy, and perception of quality of life, was used to assess functional well-being. In general, lower score is worst outcome and higher scores indicate greater well-being and functioning. However, for ease of interpretation, HCV-PRO scale has been transformed by using '100 - HCV-PRO' ultimately revising the score to mean 0 (lowest score) is best to 100 (worst outcome). A positive change (End of treatment to baseline) suggests improvements in functional well-being. Total score = (SUM-N)/(4\*N)\*100, where N is the number of questions answered. End of Treatment -Baseline were used to calculate CHANGE in outcome. Number of subjects reflects participants from both Phase 1 and 2.
Time frame: End of Treatment - Baseline
16 Wk EBR/GZR With RBV Efficacy on Patients With HCV RASs
Efficacy of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment with Zepatier (Elbasvir/Grazobevir) with Ribavirin (RBV) for 16 weeks when used in Genotype 1a patients with Baseline RASs (NS5a Resistance Associated Substitutions or RAPs -Resistance Associated Polymorphisms). Efficacy defined as HCV RNA undetectable 12 weeks post treatment. Table excludes Genotype 1b patients.
Time frame: 12 weeks post treatment
Treatment Non-Adherence Probability Estimates
The Voils Medication Adherence Survey (VMAS) was used to evaluate medication adherence during HCV treatment. Participants responded to three questions about the extent of adherence during the past seven days of treatment (during early and late on-treatment occasions). Participants responded using a five-point ordinal scale of missed dosing from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (all of the time). On each occasion participants were coded as being "Non-adherent" if any response was \> 1, otherwise they were coded as "Adherent". Probability estimates of percentage of patients reporting non-adherence were calculated per HCV treatment (Direct Acting Antiviral-DAA) regimen: 1)EBR/GZV (elbasvir/grazoprevir, 2)SOF/LDV (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir), 3)PrOD
Time frame: 12-16 weeks of HCV treatment
Change in HCV-associated Symptoms (PROMIS Measures) After HCV Treatment Initiation
Change in HCV-associated symptoms was calculated as the mean differences of mean scores from multiple surveys from the NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-- Fatigue, nausea, belly pain, sleep disturbance, and diarrhea) and functional status (well-being) when comparing baseline to early post-treatment and late post treatment surveys. Mean change scores were calculated by comparing baseline to early post-treatment (1 yr) and late post-treatment (approximately 3 years) surveys. T-scores for the PROMIS Nausea and Vomiting 4a scale range from 45.0 - 80.1. Higher scores indicate worse nausea. Negative values for mean change represent improvement.Negative numbers suggest better symptoms (improvement in HCV-associated symptoms). PROMIS Fatigue Score scale per question: 1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always with 7 questions for a total maximum score of 35.HCV-PRO positive estimates suggest baseline functional well-being improvement.
Time frame: 1 year post treatment discontinuation (Early post-tx)
Post-treatment Progression/Regression of Liver Disease-Fib-4
Mean change (delta) in FIB-4, an indirect non-invasive measure of liver fibrosis, calculated as baseline median -long term follow up median, following SVR after any of the study treatment regimens. Change in FIB-4 where negative values indicate improvement in liver fibrosis score and positive values indicate worsening of fibrosis score. There is no upper or lower limit for change. FIB-4 = age (years) \* AST(IU/L)/Platelets (10\^3/L) \* ALT\^.5(IU/L). In general, Score of 0-1.29 is low risk for advanced fibrosis, 1.30-1.67: intermediate risk for advanced liver fibrosis, \>2.67: high risk for advanced fibrosis.
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Yale University Digestive Diseases
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Georgetown University
Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States
Howard University
Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, United States
University of Florida, Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Florida, United States
...and 28 more locations
Time frame: Baseline to up to 3 years post treatment discontinuation
Change in Functional Status (HCV-PRO) Within Treatment
HCV-PRO score, a validated PROMIS survey used to evaluate overall functioning and well-being in HCV patients, was utilized to compare long-term 'within treatment' changes of functional well-being. In general, lower score is worst outcome and higher scores indicate greater well-being and functioning. However, for ease of interpretation, HCV-PRO scale has been transformed by using '100 - HCV-PRO' ultimately revising the score to mean 0 (lowest score) is best to 100 (worst outcome). A positive estimate (Post treatment to baseline) suggests baseline functional well-being improvement. Total score = (SUM-N)/(4\*N)\*100, where N is the number of questions answered.
Time frame: Treatment start date up to 2 years post-treatment
Number of Participants With Adverse Events That Caused Treatment Discontinuation-EBR/GZR vs. LDV/SOF
The number of participants with adverse events that led to early treatment discontinuation (defined as duration less than originally prescribed treatment regimen)
Time frame: Treatment start date through treatment completion (up to 24 weeks)
HCV SVR Durability -No Cirrhosis
Number/Percentage of patients with persistence of viral cure, SVR (SVR = Sustained Virologic Response)- defined as undetectable HCV RNA at least 24 weeks following HCV Treatment.
Time frame: 24 weeks post-end of treatment up to 153 weeks
HCV SVR Durability-Patients With Cirrhosis
Percentage of Cirrhotic patients with persistence of viral cure, SVR, (SVR= Sustained Virologic Response) defined as undetectable HCV RNA at least 24 weeks following HCV Treatment.
Time frame: Up to 132 weeks post HCV treatment
Impact of Baseline NS5A RASs on Treatment Outcomes-Phase 2
Number of participants who achieved SVR (sustained virologic response), defined as undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks post-treatment with RASs (Resistant Associated Substitutions) after treatment with EBR/GZR or SOF/LDV regimen
Time frame: 12 weeks post HCV treatment