β Blocker Use and Mortality in Hospital Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction Without Heart Failure

Inclusion Criteria: * acute myocardial infarction patients only * aged 18 to 100 years Exclusion Criteria: * other final diagnosis besides acute myocardial infarction * died in-hospital * patients with missing mortality data * aged \> 100 * patients with previous acute myocardial infarction or angina * patients who have received coronary interventions before * patients with heart failure * patients with β blocker prior use * patients contraindicated for β blocker use * patients with use of a loop diuretic