Food Reward in Cachexia Induced by Acute or Chronic Disease

Inclusion Criteria: * For cachectic patients: weight loss exceeds 5% of total body weight over the past 6 months, or \>2% when body mass index is \<20 kg/m2 * For non-cachectic patients: no weight loss of ≥5% during the last 6 months * Non-small cell lung cancer or gastro-intestinal cancer, pathology proven or diagnosis of COPD consistent with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria Exclusion Criteria: * Contra-indications for fMRI examination (operation to your head or brain in the past; implanted electronic devices, for instance a pacemaker, neurostimulator, cochlear or hearing implant; insulin pump under your skin; Pregnant subjects, claustrophobia; pregnancy; metal parts in your body (except from teeth filling and connectors): implants; brain vessel clamps, prostheses, intra-uterine device, metal splinter in the eye, metal braces or other metal objects, permanent eye make-up) * Psychiatric or other disorders likely to impact on informed consent * Presence of brain metastasis (screening is not mandatory) * Medical history of cerebrovascular accident, brain tumour, brain metastasis * Previous radiotherapy to brain, both stereotactic and whole brain radiotherapy * Memory problems * Current use of tube feeding or parental nutrition * Patients with an active second malignancy * Patients unable to lie still for 2 hours * Unable to complete the cognitive task * Pre-existing swallowing difficulties * Allergy to gluten-, milk- or wheat products * Self-reported hyperthyroidism * Self-reported diabetes mellitus * Current use of appetite stimulant medications