This study compared the effectiveness of pain neurophysiology education and neck/shoulder exercises with no intervention in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain (CINP).
Forty three adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain were randomly allocated to receive pain neurophysiology education and shoulder/neck exercises (n=21) or no intervention (n=22). Data on pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), pain disability, neck flexor and extensor muscles endurance, scapulae stabilizers endurance, pain catastrophizing (Pain catastrophizing Scale), trait and state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and knowledge of pain neurophysiology (Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire) were collected. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis were performed using a mixed-methods ANOVA.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
43
Pain neurophysiology education covered the neurophysiology of pain, transition from acute to chronic pain and the nervous system ability to modulate the pain experience. It was delivered in small groups (4 to 7 participants). A total of 4 sessions were delivered over 4 weeks (1 session per week). Each session took between 45 minutes and 1 hour. Exercises were aimed at increasing the endurance and strength of the deep neck flexor and extensor muscles and of the scapular muscles delivered over 3 sessions (the first session covered pain neurophysiology education only). Each exercise was performed in 3 series of 10 repetitions. The number of exercises targeting the same group of muscles increased from one in the 2nd session to 2/3 in the 4th session.
Pain intensity
Method of assessment - Visual analogue scale
Time frame: At the beginning
Pain intensity
Method of assessment - Visual analogue scale
Time frame: 5 weeks
Neck pain frequency
Method of assessment - a question on neck pain frequency in the previous week (never, seldom, occasionally, often, always)
Time frame: At the beginning
Neck pain frequency
Method of assessment - a question on neck pain frequency in the previous week (never, seldom, occasionally, often, always)
Time frame: 5 weeks
Neck pain duration
Method of assessment - a question on neck pain duration (how long have you have neck pain?)
Time frame: At the beginning
Neck pain duration
Method of assessment - a question on neck pain duration (how long have you have neck pain?)
Time frame: 5 weeks
Neck pain associated disability
Method of assessment - a disability index with 5 questions on neck pain associated disability
Time frame: At the beginning
Neck pain associated disability
Method of assessment - a disability index with 5 questions on neck pain associated disability
Time frame: 5 weeks
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Neck flexor muscles endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; the participant is in supine and he/she is asked to flex the upper cervical spine, move their head away from the couch approximately 2.5 cm and then maintain this position for as long as possible. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participant holds the position.
Time frame: At the beginning
Neck flexor muscles endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; the participant is in supine and he/she is asked to flex the upper cervical spine, move their head away from the couch approximately 2.5 cm and then maintain this position for as long as possible. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participant holds the position.
Time frame: 5 weeks
Neck extensor muscles endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; the participant is in prone and position, head neutral, and supporting 2 Kg weight hanging from it. Participants were asked to support this weight for as long as possible while maintaining the neutral head positioning. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participant holds the position.
Time frame: At the beginning
Neck extensor muscles endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; the participant is in prone and position, head neutral, and supporting 2 Kg weight hanging from it. Participants were asked to support this weight for as long as possible while maintaining the neutral head positioning. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participant holds the position.
Time frame: 5 weeks
Scapular stabilizers' endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; Method of assessment - physical test; Participants were standing with the shoulders and elbows flexed at 90º, while pulling both extremities of a dynamometer to reach 1 Kg of force. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participants was able to hold this position.
Time frame: At the beginning
Scapular stabilizers' endurance test
Method of assessment - physical test; Method of assessment - physical test; Participants were standing with the shoulders and elbows flexed at 90º, while pulling both extremities of a dynamometer to reach 1 Kg of force. The test result is the time (in seconds) that each participants was able to hold this position.
Time frame: 5 weeks
State-trait anxiety inventory
Method of assessment - scale
Time frame: At the beginning
State-trait anxiety inventory
Method of assessment - scale
Time frame: 5 weeks
Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Method of assessment - scale
Time frame: At the beginning
Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Method of assessment - scale
Time frame: 5 weeks
Neurophysiology of pain questionnaire
Method of assessment - questionnaire
Time frame: At the beginning
Neurophysiology of pain questionnaire
Method of assessment - questionnaire
Time frame: 5 weeks
Patients' Global Impression of Change
Method of assessment - scale
Time frame: 5 weeks