Neural Mechanisms Associated With Risk of Smoking Relapse

Inclusion Criteria: Eligible participants will be: 1. Treatment-seeking smokers between the ages of 18 and 65, reporting consumption of at least 5 cigarettes per day for at least the past 6 months; 2. Planning to live in the area for at least the next 3 months; 3. Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the combined consent and HIPAA form; 4. Able to communicate fluently in English (speaking, writing, and reading). Exclusion Criteria: Subjects who present and/or self-report with the following criteria at any point during study participation will not be eligible to participate in the study: Smoking Behavior: 1. Use of chewing tobacco or snuff or cigars; 2. Current enrollment or plans to enroll in another smoking cessation program or research study in the next 3 months; 3. Current or anticipated (within the next 3 months) use of smoking cessation medications or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); 4. A baseline carbon monoxide (CO) reading less than or equal to 8ppm. Alcohol/Drugs: 1. Diagnosis or treatment for alcohol or drug abuse in the past two years as reported during phone screen (e.g., alcohol, opioids, cocaine, or stimulants); 2. Current alcohol consumption that exceeds 25 standard drinks/week; 3. Positive breath alcohol concentration test (BrAC greater than or equal to 0.01) at intake; a. Participants testing positive for breath alcohol with a reading equal to or greater than .08 (the legal driving limit) or who are visibly impaired will be instructed not to drive themselves home after the appointment. If a participant needs to use a phone to call for a safe ride home, an office telephone will be made available to the participant. 4. A positive urine drug screen for cocaine, opiates, PCP, benzodiazepines, methadone, MDMA, amphetamine, methamphetamine, tri-cyclic antidepressants and/or barbiturates at any session; Medication: Current use or recent discontinuation (within the past 30 days at the time of Intake) of: 1. Smoking cessation medication (e.g., Zyban, Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Chantix, NRT); 2. Anti-psychotic medications; 3. Anti-depressants (tricyclics, SSRI's, selective and nonselective MAOIs, Wellbutrin/Zyban); 4. Anti-anxiety agents; 5. Anti-panic agents; 6. Prescription (e.g., Provigil, Ritalin) or over-the-counter stimulants; 7. Prescription sleep aids (e.g., Ambien, Lunesta) if used more than 2x/week. If participants report use less than twice a week, they will just be asked to refrain from use during imaging portion of the study. 8. Any medication that could compromise participant safety as determined by the Principal Investigator and/or Study Physician; Daily use of: 9. Opiate-containing medications for chronic pain. Medical/Neuropsychiatric: 1. Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, and/or breast feeding. All female subjects of childbearing potential will undergo a urine pregnancy test at Intake and both fMRI scan visits (3 urine pregnancy tests in total). 2. History of epilepsy or a seizure disorder; 3. History of stroke; 4. Self-reported brain or spinal tumor; 5. Self-reported history or current diagnosis of psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, current major depression (subjects with a history of major depression but in remission for past 6 months are eligible), or any Axis 1 disorder. fMRI-Related: 1. Self-reported history of head trauma; 2. Self-reported brain (or CNS) or spinal tumor; 3. Self-reported use of pacemakers, certain metallic implants, or presence of metal in the eye as contraindicated for fMRI; 4. Self-reported history of claustrophobia; 5. Being left-handed; 6. Color blindness; 7. Weight greater than 299lbs; 8. Self-reported history of gunshot wounds; 9. Any impairment preventing participants from using the response pad necessary for the cognitive testing; 10. Circumstances or conditions that may interfere with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). General Exclusion: 1. Any medical condition, illness, disorder, or concomitant medication that could compromise participant safety or treatment, as determined by the Principal Investigator; 2. Low or borderline intellectual functioning - determined by a score of less than 85 on the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS) (administered at Intake Visit); 3. Enrollment or plans to enroll in another research study; 4. Inability to provide informed consent or complete any of the study tasks as determined by the Principal Investigator.