Predicting Analgesic Response to Acupuncture: A Practical Approach

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age 21-65 2. English Fluency 3. Chronic LBP for ≥ 6 Months 1. Chronicity: cLBP "defined as a back pain problem that has persisted at least 3 months and has resulted in pain on at least half the days in the past 6 months." 2. Location: "between the lower posterior margin of the rib cage and the horizontal gluteal fold 4. Average pain over the last month ≥ 5/10 Exclusion Criteria: 1. Radicular low back pain: defined as sharp (or burning) pain, with a defined territory, radiating down the limb, beyond the knee. Radicular pain may be accompanied by sensory and motor deficit along 1 or more dermatomes. Radicular back pain may also be accompanied by MRI evidence of intervertebral disc protrusion and compression of spinal cord and/or nerve roots. 2. Pending litigation or Worker's compensation related to the low back pain. 3. Currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant (in next 6 months) 4. American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class III or above physical status. ASA class III is defined as "a patient with severe systemic disease." Examples would include poorly controlled diabetes, hypertension, COPD or morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40). 5. Mental health conditions or treatment for mental health problems that would interfere with study procedures, at the discretion of the study team. For example, psychosis, untreated major depression, ongoing substance abuse, suicidal ideation. These will be assessed by the MINI. 6. Medications: opioids ≥60mg morphine equivalent units/day, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids. 7. Prohibited interventions: during the study period, the following are not permitted 1. Back surgeries 2. Injections with local anesthetics or steroids to the back 3. New chiropractic maneuvers 4. New physical therapy programs 5. New medications for back pain 8. Bleeding disorders at the discretion of the study team. 9. Previous acupuncture treatment in the past 10 years. 10. Medical conditions that would interfere with study procedures (eg. Heart disease or pacemaker, active infection), per discretion of the team