The current study will investigate the effect if whey protein on postprandial glycaemia and appetite in type II diabetics, assessing incretin (GLP-1, GIP), insulin, and appetite control (leptin, PYY3-36) hormone responses.
Whey protein accounts of \~20% of whole milk protein. Ingestion of whey protein at meal times generates insulinotrophic/β-cell stimulation via amino acid absorption and the bioactive peptides generated during gastrointestinal digestion, resulting in attenuation of postprandial blood glucose. The bioactive peptides stimulate the release of incretin hormone, GLP-1, and inhibit DPP-IV activity potentially decreasing the rate of GLP-1 degradation. The current study will employ a randomised, double-blind, counter-balanced, cross-over design, whereby participants will each complete three trials; a) whey protein, b) hydrolysed protein, and c) placebo intervention. Hydrolysed protein provides amino acid content, without bioactive peptides associated with incretin release, therefore, demonstrating insulinotrophic properties, only. Many studies within the literature are limited for practical reasons, such as investigating high dosages (30-50 g) of whey protein, or high glycaemic index meal types which would be unlikely to form part of habitual dietary activity of type II diabetics. Therefore, the current study will objectively measure postprandial glycaemic and appetite responses following the ingestion of whey/hydrolysed protein, whilst ensuring ecological validity, dosages (18 g) and test meals applicable to everyday life, and true clinical utility for managing type-II diabetes by integrating interventions into the habitual lives of type-II diabetic individuals.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
11
Whey protein (18 g) administered immediately prior to breakfast and lunch meals.
Hydrolysed whey protein (19.1 g) administered immediately prior to breakfast and lunch meals.
Placebo intervention administered immediately prior to breakfast and lunch meals.
Northumbria University
Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom
Postprandial capillary glucose
Capillary glucose concentrations are monitored for 6 hours/wk following breakfast (09:00-12:00) and lunch (12:15-15:15).
Time frame: 6 hours per week, for 3 weeks.
Plasma Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
GLP-1 will be measured from blood collection tubes containing EDTA, aprotinin, and DPPIV inhibitor.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Plasma Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
GIP will be measured from blood collection tubes containing EDTA, aprotinin, and DPPIV inhibitor.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Plasma Leptin
Leptin will be measured from blood collection tubes containing EDTA, aprotinin, and DPPIV inhibitor.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Plasma Peptide YY (PYY3-36)
PYY3-36 will be measured from blood collection tubes containing EDTA, aprotinin, and DPPIV inhibitor.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Plasma Insulin
Insulin will be measured from blood collection tubes containing EDTA, aprotinin, and DPPIV inhibitor.
Time frame: 3 weeks
Serum Triglycerides
Triglycerides will be measured from Serum Separating Tubes (SST).
Time frame: 3 weeks
Serum Glycerol
Glycerol will be measured from Serum Separating Tubes (SST).
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Time frame: 3 weeks
Self-Report Questionnaire for Appetite
Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess self reported feelings of appetite sensations (i.e. hunger, satiety, prospective food intake).
Time frame: 3 weeks
24 h Interstitial Glucose
Interstitial glucose is measured from 36 h prior to the trial, until 24 h following the trial, each week for three weeks.
Time frame: 3 days per week, for 3 weeks