Pressure ulcers are severe injuries and wounds causing a substantial burden on patients, caregivers, and on healthcare systems worldwide. There is common agreement, that effective pressure ulcer prevention is of crucial importance to maintain skin and tissue integrity in individuals at risk. Besides risk assessment and repositioning the use of special pressure ulcer preventive support surfaces are the key interventions in pressure ulcer prevention. Pressure ulcer preventive support surface modify the degree of skin and tissue deformation and/or skin temperature and moisture. Therefore, an association between the type and working mechanism of a pressure ulcer support surface and skin function after loading is highly likely. Furthermore, such a relationship may be used to characterize and/or to quantify the performance pressure ulcer support surfaces in terms of skin protection. The overall aim of this explorative study is to measure skin responses of the two most common pressure ulcer predilection sites (heel, sacral skin) after two hours loading on three different support surfaces and the sternal skin (control area).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
15
IsoAir, Stryker, USA
IsoGel, Stryker, USA
Standard hospital mattress
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Sacrum, at Baseline
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: at baseline
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Sacrum, 20 Min After Off-loading
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Heel, at Baseline
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: at baseline
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Heel, After Two Hours Loading
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Heel, 20 Min After Off-loading
TEWL was measured using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: at baseline
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Sacrum, After Two Hours
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: after two hours
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Sacrum, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Heel, at Baseline
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: at baseline
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Heel, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: at baseline
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, 20 Min After Off-loading
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, at Baseline
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: at baseline
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, After Two Hours Loading
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, 20 Min After Off-loading
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: at baseline
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Sacrum, 20 Min Off-loading
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU).Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, at Baseline
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU).Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: Baseline
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, After Two Hours Loading
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Heels, 20min Off-loading
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Sacrum, 20 Min After Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Sacrum, 20 Min Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Sacrum, 20 Min Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Heel, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Heels, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Heels, 20min Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Heels, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Heels, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Heels, 20 Min After Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: 20 min after off-loading
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Heel, at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Heel, 20 Min After Off-loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted with a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm(Uf, mm).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Sacrum, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the Skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Heel, at Baseline
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Heel, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Sacrum, at Baseline
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Sacrum, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Heel, at Baseline
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Heel, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Sacrum, at Baseline
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Sacrum, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Heel, at Baseline
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Heel, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Sacrum, at Baseline
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: Baseline
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Sacrum, After Two Hours Loading
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Sacrum, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Heel, at Baseline
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: Baseline
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Heel, After Two Hours Loading
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Heel, 20 Minutes After Off-loading
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: 20 minutes after off-loading
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Sacrum
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: Baseline
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Sacrum
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Heel
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: baseline
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Heel
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Sternum (Control- Area)
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: baseline
Epidermal Thickness in μm (Metric) by Image Processing and Measurement at the Sternum (Control- Area)
Skin thickness was measured in μm (Metric) by Image Processing using Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT (Thorlabs, Lübeck, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
TEWL was measured on sternum (control- area) using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany)
Time frame: at baseline
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) in g/m2/h on Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
TEWL was measured on sternum (control- area) using the Tewameter TM300 (Courage \& Khazaka, Cologne, Germany).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Temperature in °C Per Skin Area at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Skin thermometer based on the infrared technique (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure the skin surface temperature in °C.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: Baseline
Erythema Index in Arbitrary Units at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Erythema was measured with the Mexameter® MX 18 device by using specific wavelengths (the intensity of the reflected red (λ = 660 nm) and green (λ = 568 nm) lights) to measure the absorption capacity of the skin (specifically the content of hemoglobin in the skin). Lower values represent less redness.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: Baseline
Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) in Arbitrary Units at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage \& Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) was used to measure SCH in arbitrary units (AU) (range 0-120 AU). Lower values represent reduced skin hydration in the upper skin layer.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: Baseline
Epidermal Moisture Measurements Per Skin Area in Percentage (%) at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Epidermal moisture (measurement depth 0,5mm) was measured using MoistureMeterEpiD (Delfin Technologies Ltd.). The values are expressed in percentage of local tissue water (0 to 100 %).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Rz) in μm at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) device. It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rz is the arithmetic average of different segment roughness values calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Rz values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Mean Roughness (Ra) in μm at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Ra is the arithmetical mean roughness calculated with visioscan software. The median was calculated from the Ra values from the 15 participants for each Intervention Group.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Surface Maximum Roughness (Rmax) in µm at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Skin roughness was measured using the Visioscan VC98 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). It consists of a UV light camera and measures the skin surface profiles. Rmax (Maximum roughness) is the biggest roughness of the different segment roughness values.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Extensibility (Uf) in mm at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
Skin extensibility was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm diameter and expressed in terms of total extensibility of the skin in mm (Uf, mm).
Time frame: after two hours loading
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Skin Elastic Function (Ur/Ue) at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
The elastic function (Ur/Ue) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Sternum (Control- Area), at Baseline
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: Baseline
Elastic Recovery (Ur/Uf) at the Sternum (Control- Area), After Two Hours Loading
The elastic recovery (elastic recovery (Ur) / maximum extension (Uf)) of the skin was measured using the Cutometer® MPA 580 and the corresponding software (Courage \& Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany).The measurements were conducted whit a pressure of -450 mBar and a probe opening of 2 mm Diameter.
Time frame: after two hours loading
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.