Effects of Behavioral Interventions on Mechanisms of Pain Regulation and Hedonic Regulation

Inclusion Criteria: 1. age 21-60 years of age 2. English fluency 3. 20/20 vision with corrective lenses 4. current chronic, non-neuropathic back pain diagnosis determined by physician assessment 5. reporting pain ≥3 on 0-10 scale with opioid medication 6. current use of prescription opioids for ≥3 consecutive months 7. ability to understand study procedures and to comply with them for the entire length of the study Exclusion Criteria: 1. Mindfulness experience (e.g., MBSR or shamatha/vipassana meditation) 2. psychosis 3. untreated, active suicidality in the past month 4. and severe non-opioid substance use disorder in the past year as assessed with the MINI 5. clinically unstable illness judged to interfere with treatment, and presence of facial/jaw pain 6. pregnancy 7. inability or unwillingness of individual to give written informed consent 8. physical characteristics that preclude neuroimaging or study procedures (e.g., metal implants, etc.