Real-world Comparative Effectiveness of Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Rivaroxaban vs. Vitamin k Antagonists

Inclusion Criteria: * First dispense date of Rivaroxaban (15mg or 20mg - PZN based) or Phenprocoumon (PZN based) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2015 * At least two verified outpatient diagnoses or one inpatient diagnosis (main or secondary diagnosis) of NVAF (ICD-10 GM I48.0/I48.1/I48.2/I48.9) in the individual time frame of 4 quarters before the index date (pre-index period) or within the index quarter * Patients will be required to have 4 quarters of enrollment for the assessment of baseline characteristics and be observable and insured in the database for at least one day after their individual index date (post-index period) * ≥ 18 years of age Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with valvular AF \[4 quarters prior to the index date\] * Pregnancy \[4 quarters prior to index date\] * Malignant cancers \[4 quarters prior to the index date or "condition after"\] * Transient cause of AF \[4 quarters prior to index date\] * Patients with VTE (pulmonary embolism or DVT) \[60 days before index\] * Patients with major surgery defined as hip or knee replacement \[60 days before index\] * Prescriptions of OACs (Rivaroxaban, VKA, Dabigatran, Apixaban) before index date \[4 quarters prior to index date\] * Patients receiving more than one anticoagulant substance (Apixaban, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban or Phenprocoumon) or more than one dosage of a substance on the index date * For sensitivity analysis : Patient with any of the events defined in the combined endpoints \[4 quarters prior to index date or "condition after" * Patients with dialysis \[4 quarters prior to index date\]