Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of degenerative joint disease. Furthermore, despite its incidence being amongst the highest in chronic diseases, effective biomarkers, diagnostic aids and imaging technology are not available to assist in the management of OA. Mounting evidence suggests that non-pharmacological treatment such as exercise/physical therapy may lower the risk for onset or progression of OA by mitigating inflammation. However, the mechanical unloading and overloading, as seen in disuse and overuse, lead to upregulation of several proinflammatory molecules and enhance tissue degradation, whereas, dynamic moderate mechanical loading exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects on articular cartilage by suppressing mediators of inflammation. However, the lack of robust biomarkers to measure the effectiveness of physical therapies, represent a critical gap in biotechnology, obliterating the progress in the optimal application of these therapies. Our central hypothesis is that the circulating levels of specific molecules could serve as robust biomarkers for quantitative measures of OA burden, prognosis, progression or treatment efficacy. The objective of this project is to identify and evaluate mediators that serve as biomarkers of OA progression and treatment. Recently, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1) has been suggested to be markedly upregulated in OA. However, presently there are no inhibitors of HMGB1 that could be used therapeutically. Previous results showed that that gentle exercise is the only tool that can mitigate HMGB1 production by local and systemic macrophages, and thus inflammation. Serum concentration of HMGB1 will be evaluate as a biomarker in OA patients and relate it to the functional capacity of knee joints in OA patients after rehabilitation protocol (RP). The RP will consist of three rehabilitation session/week during eight weeks. The efficacy of a RP will be evaluated by functional scale Western Ontario \& McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), Scale for the measurement of health related quality of life using EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EuroQOL), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and physical function tests. Besides all clinical assessment, serum levels of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, hyaluronan and HMGB1 will be evaluated. A correlation of physical improvement after RP and serum biomarkers will be performed.
Detailed Description: Methods/Design 1. Participants after being textually and verbally informed about their rights, benefits and possible risks, objectives and methodologies of this study, all participants will sign a free and informed consent form. 2. Study Design Prior to the rehabilitation protocol (RP), participants will perform one adaptation session to all the functional tests that will be applied to minimize learning bias. In the second session after 5 minutes warm up in a cycle ergometer (CEE), the Time Up and Go (TUG) test will be applied, followed by the isometric strength test. In the third day, after the same warm up, one repetition maximum testing will be conducted. At the end of the RP, all the tests will be repeated. Blood samples will be collected at baseline (day 0), 1 month (day 30 after RP) and at 2 months (day 60 after RP). 2.1. Rehabilitation protocol (RP) The RP will consist of 3 exercise session/week for 8 weeks. Each session will begin with the evaluation of pain by the participants. If the pain is higher than four, an analgesic protocol (AP) containing ultra-sound, laser or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) will be applied. After the AP, the participant will just execute the rehabilitation protocol if the pain decreased to or lower than four. Starting with a warm up exercise in a cycle ergometer (CEE), for 5 minutes at free cadence, then the intensity will be set at 90% of the intensity obtained during the incremental test (see item 2.2a) and maintained for 10 min. Afterward, four sets (8-12 repetitions) of three different resistance exercises (RE) (leg press, knee extension and knee flexion) will be performed at 70% of the load correspondent to 1RM test (see item 2.2b) with one minute interval between sets and exercises. During CEE Borg scale will be taken every two minutes and during RE the omnibus (OMNI) scale taken at the end of every set to monitor the intensity. At the end of the session, cool down global stretching exercises for inferior members will be performed and the VAS evaluated again. Ten seconds of tension for each stretching position targeting the hamstrings, quadriceps, gluteus maxim ums, gastrocnemius, thigh adductors and abductors. 2.2. Rehabilitation intensity parameters. 1. Cycle ergometer incremental test (CEEIT). After 5 minutes warm up at free cadence in a cycle ergometer, the intensity will be increased every 3 minutes until the participants register 11 to 13 in Borg scale which is consider a moderate intensity and to be correlated to blood lactate concentration threshold and anaerobic threshold, respectively . 2. One repetition maximum. The test starts with a warm up of 5 to 10 repetitions with estimated moderate load (± 40-60% of 1RM). After 1 minute rest 3 to 5 repetitions are performed with higher load (±60-80% of 1RM) with 5 minutes rest. Then one attempt at estimated 1RM is given. If the participants fail to lift the load for two repetitions the test stops, otherwise after 5 minutes rest the load is increased and the test is performed again. Only five attempts per day are permitted to maintain the test reliable. Sample size calculation The estimation of sample size was determined on the basis of a greater improvement of subscale physical function of the WOMAC score, using G.Power 3.15 software. Based on 10% expected difference between baseline measure and after RP and a standard deviation of 30 on physical function of WOMAC, 65 participants are needed with significance level of 0.05, and power of 80%.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
65
Protocol will consist of three exercise/week for eight weeks. Each session will begin with the evaluation of pain by the volunteer. Starting with a warm up exercise in a cycle ergometer (CEE), for 5 minutes at free cadence, then the intensity will be set at 90% of the intensity obtained during the incremental test and maintained for 10 min. Afterward, four sets of three different resistance exercises (RE) will be performed at 70% of the load correspondent to 1RM test with one minute interval between sets and exercises. During CEE Borg scale will be taken every two minutes and during RE the OMNI scale taken at the end of every set to monitor the intensity. At the end of the session, cool down global stretching exercises for inferior members will be performed and the VAS evaluated.
Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Change from baseline to month 2 in Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index score
Participants will answer the questionnaire WOMAC for the assessment of lower extremity pain, stiffness and physical function during daily activities. The WOMAC measures five items for pain (score range 0-20), two for stiffness (score range 0-8), and 17 for functional limitation (score range 0-68). For each item, the possible range of scores is therefore 0-100. Items are summed for each subscale, resulting in possible ranges as follows: pain=0-500, stiffness=0-200, physical function=0-1700. Most commonly, a total WOMAC score is created by summing the items for all three subscales. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
Change from baseline to month 2 in TUG test
The purpose of TUG is to test basic mobility skills of frail elderly persons. The test consists of the time measurement in seconds for a participant to rise from sitting from a standard arm chair, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back to the chair, and sit down. The unity of measure is time in seconds. It will also be performed on day 0 (baseline) and day 60 (2 months after RP). The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
Change from baseline to month 2 in VAS analysis.
The pain VAS is a unidimensional measure of pain intensity, which has been widely used in diverse adult populations, including those with rheumatic diseases. The unity of measures is in points. It will also be performed on day 0 (baseline) and day 60 (2 months after RP). The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
Change from baseline in proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown in blood
Serum samples will be obtained by venous blood collection (3 vacutainer tubes, each containing 6 mL). The venous blood will be collected from the antecubital vein on day 0 (baseline), day 30 (1 month after RP) and day 60 (2 months after RP). After being centrifuged at 1800 g for 10 minutes, samples will be stored at -80 degrees Celsius in 1 mL aliquots. Serum concentrations of cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) will be simultaneously evaluated. Serum HMGB1 and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), will be analyzed by specific kits. The unity of measure is ng/mL. The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month and 2 month after RP
Change from baseline to month 2 in Health-related quality of life (EuroQOL-5D, EQ-5D)
Health-related QOL will be assessed by the EQ-5D. The unity of measure is in points. Also, day 0 (pre-RP) and day 60 (after 2 months of RP) will be evaluated for assessment. The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
Change from baseline to month 2 in Radiographic knee osteoarthritis progression (joint space and KL score)
Radiological examination of conventional radiographic procedure will be performed at baseline and at day 60 after RP (2 month) for assessment. The degree of osteoarthritis can vary 0 to 5. The collected data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
Change from baseline to month 2 in Isometric strength testing
Isometric strength will be measured by the peak torque (PT) obtained during knee extension (PTE) and flexion (PTF) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, Shirley, NY). During test the participants was seated and securely strapped the dynamometer chair. For knee extension MVC the thigh and leg angle will be 75° (0° = total extension) and for knee flexion MVC thigh-leg angle will be 40° (0° = total extension). Two attempts of five seconds MVC will be performed for each joint movement, with 3 minutes of interval between them. The unity of measure is Newtons per meter (N.m). The isometric PTE and PTF will be determined as the highest PT values between attempts. It will also be performed on day 0 (pre-RP) and day 60 (after 2 months of RP) for assessment. The data will be present through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 month
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