Oxytocin and Brain Responses in Maternal Addiction

Inclusion Criteria for addiction sample: Drug-addicted subjects will be English speaking adult women who: 1. are being evaluated for treatment of their addiction or are currently enrolled in treatment programs; 2. have an infant \<12 months; 3. meet criteria for substance abuse or dependence in the past year, as assessed by MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); 4. have a substance abuse history, including use during the most recent pregnancy; 5. are recommended at intake for drug-treatment services for substance abuse; 6. are 18 years to 40 years old; and 7. have been speaking English or enrolled in English-speaking school since age 8. Inclusion Criteria for non-addicted mothers (controls): Control subjects will be English-speaking adult women who: 1. have an infant \<12 months of age; 2. do not meet criteria for past or present drug abuse or dependence; 3. are 18 years to 40 years old; and 4. have been speaking English or enrolled in English-speaking school since age 8. Exclusion Criteria for addiction sample: Potential drug-addicted subjects will be ineligible if they have: 1. severe psychiatric or substance-related symptoms requiring in-patient psychiatric hospitalization or detoxification for suicidality, homicidality, grave disability, physiological alcohol or drug withdrawal within the last 30 days; 2. past or present diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders; 3. metal implants or other contraindications for MRI scanning; 4. pending legal cases (e.g., outstanding arrest warrants or parental rights hearings) prohibiting them from completing the study; 5. current pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during the course of the study; 6. infants with clinical evidence of in utero drug effects, such as opiate withdrawal symptoms during the neonatal period, facial dysmorphism or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or microcephaly; 7. infants with birth weight less than 3 lb. 5 oz.; 8. infants who have significant vision, hearing or motor problems (such as cerebral palsy) that cannot be corrected; 9. mothers who have significant vision or hearing problems that cannot be corrected; 10. out-of-home placement of infant for the past month or more than 50% of child's life; 11. delivered more than one baby during most recent pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.). 12. exclusively breastfeeding Exclusion criteria for non-addicted mothers: Potential control subjects will be ineligible if they have: 1. positive drug toxicology screen at any point in the study; 2. drug abuse or dependence based on MINI in the past year or lifetime; 3. use of tobacco products in the past 2 years; 4. current hazardous alcohol use as ascertained by AUDIT score \> 8; 5. present or past history of ambulatory detoxification; 6. severe psychiatric symptoms requiring inpatient psychiatric hospitalization for suicidality, homicidality, grave disability, physiological alcohol or drug withdrawal within the past 30 days; 7. past or present diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders; 8. metal implants or other contraindications for MRI scanning; 9. current pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during the course of the study; 10. infants with birth weight less than 3 lb. 5 oz.; 11. infants who have significant vision, hearing or motor problems that cannot be corrected (such as cerebral palsy); 12. mothers who have significant vision or hearing problems that cannot be corrected; 13. out-of-home placement of infant for the past month or more than 50% of child's life; and 14. delivered more than one baby during most recent pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.). 15. exclusively breastfeeding