Glucobrassicin-Brussel Sprout Effect on D10 Phe Metabolism

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult ≥ 18 years old * Current or former smoker by self-report * Willing to abstain from cruciferous vegetable consumption other than the study vegetable during the study period * Able to understand the experimental nature of the study and provide informed consent * Negative urine pregnancy test for women of childbearing potential within 7 days of baseline \[D10\]phe dosing Exclusion Criteria: * Chronic proton pump inhibitor, H2-blocker (i.e., ranitidine, famotidine), and/or calcium carbonate use * History of gastric bypass surgery, gastric banding, bowel resection, malabsorption syndromes such as celiac sprue or pancreatic insufficiency, or other conditions that may affect gastric absorption * Current use of tobacco products other than cigarettes (i.e. snuff, snuz, smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes) or use of these products within 3 months of study registration * Major or chronic medical disease, including heart disease, poorly controlled diabetes, etc., to be adjudicated by the principal investigator * Women who are pregnant, intend to become pregnant within 3 months of the study period, or who are breastfeeding * Current or recent (within 12 months) problems with drug use or alcohol dependence by self-report Antibiotic use within 2 months of study enrollment or during the study by self-report Alcohol dependence, abuse, or history of dependence/abuse by self-report Vegetarians * History of respiratory tract cancer * Use of metronidazole or antabuse during the study * Taking ibuprofen, naproxen, other NSAIDs, steroids (except inhaled steroids) within 14 days of study registration * Allergy to Brussels sprouts