Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and hence, estimating its prevalence is important. Since 2007, there are few data on the prevalence of COPD in the general population in Spain. The main objective of this epidemiological observational study is to estimate the prevalence of COPD in residents of Spain among the population over 40 years of age. The subjects will be distributed in two groups depending on the presence and absence of COPD. The study will have a single visit in which a brief interview will take place and subjects will need to complete the medical tests the case report form with a series of questionnaires. No drugs will be administered in this study.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
9,362
During Visit 1, subjects will go through medical tests including spirometry, bronchodilation test, pulse oximetry, cooximetry, and bioimpedance. Additional tests will be performed at up to 9 centers such as pulmonary diffusion test, 6 minute walk test, CT during the same visit.
During Visit 1, subjects will be given an Electronic Case Report Form (eCRF) with a series of questionnaire such as Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) CAT questionnaire, HADS anxiety scale, YPAS physical activity questionnaire, ECSC respiratory symptoms questionnaire, occupational exposure related questionnaire, MMSE questionnaire, Fagerstrom test, Prochaska test.
GSK Investigational Site
Avilés/Asturias, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Barcelona, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Burgos, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Cartagena (Murcia), Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Cáceres, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Guadalajara, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Huesca, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
La Laguna-Tenerife, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Logroño, Spain
GSK Investigational Site
Madrid, Spain
...and 10 more locations
Number of subjects with COPD in Spain
The prevalence of COPD in the subjects will be calculated according to the spirometric criteria, considering that a subject has COPD when the Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second/ Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) obtained in post-bronchodilator spirometry is less than 0.7. The prevalence of COPD according to the Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria will also be evaluated.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of COPD exacerbations
The No. and type of COPD exacerbations in the past year will be described. Depending on the frequency, the subjects will be grouped into two categories: less than two exacerbations per year and two or more exacerbations per year.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Analysis of differences in the prevalence of COPD and its evolution time
Previous studies such as IBERPOC or EPISCAN will be analyzed to compare differences in the prevalence of COPD and its evolution over time.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Estimation of COPD prevalence by age and sex
Subjects in COPD cohort will be classified according to sex and age groups, and the association between prevalence and age will be explored from the chi-squared test and linear-by-linear association. The prevalence of COPD in different age and sex groups will be compared according to the FEV1/FVC ratio.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with comorbidities
Presence of comorbidities among subjects with and without COPD will be evaluated using the Charlson and COPD specific comorbidity test (COTE indices), which associate long-term mortality with subject comorbidity.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Evaluation of COPD severity among subjects using the GOLD severity classification
COPD severity according to GOLD criteria will be evaluated from the results of FEV1/FVC from the post-bronchodilator test. Subjects will be classified into 4 groups namely GOLD 1, GOLD 2, GOLD 3 and GOLD 4 for COPD severity with GOLD 1= mild and GOLD 4 = very severe COPD.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Analysis of distribution of subjects according to Spanish COPD Guide (GesEPOC)
Subjects will be distributed based on GesEPOC into 4 phenotypes that determine differential treatment: non-exacerbator; mixed COPD-asthma; exacerbator with emphysema and exacerbator with chronic bronchitis.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Analysis of the risk factors of COPD
The risk factors of COPD including level of physical activity, degree of smoking, occupational exposure and exposure to smoke from biomass combustion will be analyzed in COPD cohort.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Assessment of relationship between the diagnosis of COPD, symptoms, level of physical activity and smoking status
The relationship between the diagnosis of COPD, the level of physical activity and smoking will be assessed first by describing physical activity and smoking based on study cohorts. In the subpopulation of subjects who are smokers, the score on the Fagerstrom Test calculated as the sum of the 6 items (0-10) will be described and it will also be categorized as follows: mild dependency (0-2), medium dependency (3-5) and high dependency (6-10), as well as the smoking cessation phase in which they are, as assessed by Prochaska's stage: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination and relapse.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Assessment of treatment received according to current guideline
It will be assessed whether treatment received in the study's COPD population complies with current regulations. The rate of undertreatment and overtreatment in subjects with COPD will also be evaluated. The percentage of COPD subjects who are treated according to the provisions of GesEPOC and according to GOLD will be compared in a post hoc analysis.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with smoking habit
The prevalence of smoking and electronic cigarette use in people of 40 years of age or older in Spain and by sex will be described.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Degree of nicotine dependence among subjects
The level of nicotine dependence among smokers will be assessed using Fagerstrom test. The test will consist of 6 items and the final score will range from 0- 10 with higher score correlating with higher nicotine dependency. The phase of smoking cessation of subjects will also be assessed using the Prochaska's test. In this test, 3 questions will be asked to each subject. It will identify the smoker's time of addiction to tobacco based on a series of set stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with respiratory symptoms
The presence and prevalence of specific respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough, dyspnea will be estimated using the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) respiratory symptoms questionnaire. The questions will be divided into 6 sections namely cough, expectoration, dyspnea, wheezing and intra-thoracic pressure, asthma attacks and treatments.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
To evaluate Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of subjects
HRQoL will be evaluated by using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire. It will consist of a single dimension with 8 items, each with a response scale of 0 (no limitation) to 5 (very limited). The items will assess the degree of severity of cough, presence of mucus, chest pressure, dyspnea, limited domestic activities, social limitations and limited sleep and energy. The overall score will be described in a range of 0-40 points and will distribute subjects into two groups including CAT less than 10 (low impact of COPD) and CAT more than or equal to 10 (medium/high impact of COPD on the subject).
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with possible cognitive impairment
Possible cognitive impairment will be evaluated in subjects 60 years of age or older using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) questionnaire. It is a rapid screening test for dementia and its evolutionary staging. The test consists of 30 items and will explore five cognitive areas: orientation, fixation, concentration and calculation, memory and language. The total score will range from 0 to 30 points. If the score falls between 0-22, the subject will be considered to have a cognitive deficit and those achieving score from 23-30 will be concluded as subjects without a cognitive deficit.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with anxiety/depression
The presence of anxiety and depression among the subjects will be assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The HADS has two components that include scores for anxiety and depression. The response options are Likert-type, ranging from zero to three, giving a scoring range of 0-21 each. Depending on the HADS score, the subjects will be divided into 3 categories HADS 0-7 (absence of clinically relevant anxiety and/or depression), HADS 8-10 (likely to require consideration), HADS 11-21 (presence of anxiety/ depression relevant symptoms).
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Evaluation of lean mass index among subjects
The percentage of lean mass index will be evaluated and compared between COPD and non-COPD subjects by using bioimpedance. Body composition will be measured based on the electrical properties of biological tissues.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Evaluation of exercise tolerance among subjects
Exercise tolerance between COPD and non-COPD subjects will be evaluated with the help of 6 minute walk test. The distance in meters and the reason for the stop will be measured, along with the initial and final heart rate and initial and final saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SatO2).
Time frame: Up to 9 months
To evaluate daily physical activity of subjects
The daily physical activity of COPD and non-COPD subjects will be compared using the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) questionnaire. YPAS will be calculated as the sum of the 5 sub-indices: index of vigorous activity, easy stroll index, moving index, standing index and sitting index. This index will range from 0 to 137 points. The subjects will be categorized into two groups namely YPAS less than 51 (sedentary subjects) and YPAS more than or equal to 51 (not sedentary subjects).
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Recording of age
Age will be recorded for descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects participating in this study.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with different sociodemographic characteristics
No. of subjects with different education level, gender, marital and smoking status will be recorded for descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects participating in this study.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Recording of body mass index (BMI)
BMI will be recorded for descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects participating in this study.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of instances of underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of COPD in subjects
No. of instances of underdiagnosis will be described in the subsample of subjects who, despite declaring they had never received a previous diagnosis of COPD, reflect the presence of the disease from the study results. Also, the no. of instances of overdiagnosis will be described among those who claim having a prior diagnosis of COPD but who show this diagnosis to be unconfirmed after the study results. The correlation between the two variables will be analyzed using the Kappa index.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with abnormal multidimensional assessment of COPD
No. of subjects with abnormal BMI, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity (BODE) index ranging from 0-10 points and BMI, degree of dyspnea, pulmonary function and severe exacerbation (BODEX) index ranging from 0- 9 points will be recorded during multidimensional assessment of COPD.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with abnormal density of lung attenuation and thickness of airway caliber
No. of subjects with attenuation of the lung parenchyma and thickness of the wall of the airway will be determined with the help of computed tomography (CT). No. of subjects with other abnormal parameters including the percentage of emphysema, extension areas, thickness of the airway, volume of the chest muscles, diameter of aorta vs. pulmonary artery, air trapping or coronary calcifications, bronchiectasis and fibrosis will also be assessed.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
Number of subjects with dyspnea and other respiratory symptoms, health-related quality of life, exercise tolerance, physical activity and systemic inflammation among COPD and non-COPD subjects
No. of subjects with intensity of dyspnea and other respiratory symptoms, health-related quality of life, exercise tolerance, physical activity and systemic inflammation will be assessed and compared between the COPD and non-COPD subjects depending on the amount of diffusion lung capacity.
Time frame: Up to 9 months
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