The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.
Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey. The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly. The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
66
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Lean mass
Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Time frame: Before the training intervention
Lean mass
Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Thigh muscle cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: Before the training intervention
Thigh muscle cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: Before the training intervention
Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Arm cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: Before the training intervention
Arm cross sectional area
Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Thickness of the lateral vasti
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Measured by ultrasound
Time frame: Before the training intervention
Thickness of the lateral vasti
Measured by ultrasound
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
1 repetition maximum in leg press
Time frame: Before the training intervention
1 repetition maximum in leg press
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
1 repetition maximum in bench press
Time frame: Before the training intervention
1 repetition maximum in bench press
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
Time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Plasma amino acid concentration
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Plasma amino acid concentration
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
Time frame: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
Time frame: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum glucose
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum glucose
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum insulin
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum insulin
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum urea
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum urea
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Serum creatine kinase
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Serum creatine kinase
Time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 6 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 8 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1b mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 4 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 10 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Interleukin 17D mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Atrogin-1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
Time frame: 30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
Time frame: Before training intervention
Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
Time frame: Before training intervention
Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
Time frame: Before training intervention
Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
Time frame: Before training intervention
Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
Time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training