This study will explore the potential impacts of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) at step 3 of the IAPT model. To do this, interventions administered as a prequel to face-to-face therapy will be analysed and compared based on their impacts in regards to access, outcomes (psychological) and costs. A qualitative segment will also be conducted in order to investigate the acceptability and usability of the platform for clinicians and the possibility of developing a therapeutic alliance through an online medium.
Depression and anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder) have been ranked high among the leading causes of disease burden throughout the world, displaying high rates of lifetime incidence, early age onset, high chronicity, and role impairment. Depression and anxiety are associated with impairment in several areas of functioning including social, occupational and personal. The cost to the person and the economy is great, for instance, 105 billion pounds is the estimated cost of depression in the UK with 30% of that being consumed through occupational costs. This has consequently had to be augmented through unemployment benefit to the tune of 7-10 billion. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT): In 2007 the Department of Health UK announced the introduction of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. The aim of the programme was to extend access to clinically approved psychological interventions for depression and anxiety. In doing this, the hope was to be able to tackle and help alleviate the burden of psychological distress and its associated costs. In accordance with the model, a five-step approach to psychological care for people with depression and anxiety was introduced and implemented within NHS mental health services The model can be interpreted as a hierarchical care model of mental health, where each step is catered to provide treatment based on the severity of symptoms presented by the patient. This includes watchful waiting by general practitioners care at step 1, step 2 relates to low-intensity psychological interventions, step 3 involves high-intensity psychological interventions, step 4 comprises of specialist mental health care, and step 5 consists of inpatient treatment for mental health problems. The use of cCBT in IAPT As recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence the IAPT programme offers computerised cognitive behaivoural therapy (cCBT) as a low-intensity, Step 2 intervention for individuals presenting with mild to moderate symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. cCBT and internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) are delivered by PWPs and support is offered through electronic communication means or by telephone support. However, traditionally they have often suffered with poor engagement and consequently poor clinical outcomes. More recent developments in the field have produced more robust technological platforms, where content is delivered through a variety of media that increase engagement, enhance productivity, and produce better clinical effectiveness. In accordance with what has been utilised in the IAPT model, research has demonstrated the effectiveness of cCBT and iCBT in treating symptoms of depression and anxiety . There is now a substantial body of research evidence that supports the efficacy and effectiveness of online delivered cognitive behavior therapy for depression and anxiety. Alongside the use of antidepressants, patients at Step 3 IAPT are commonly treated using face-to-face psychological interventions include cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavioural activation. In practice, online delivered interventions have been used in some cases for those at step 3 and also as a facilitator for those who are stepping down from Step 3. However, to date, there have not been studies conducted that have examined the potential of online interventions at step 3 and their impact on access rates, clinical and functional outcomes, and costs. Methodology Objective of the trial To explore the potential of using internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) for people in IAPT services as a prequel to high intensity therapy (HIT) for depression and anxiety disorders. Research Questions The objective can be further dismantled into; 1. Can SilverCloud achieve positive clinical outcomes for patients? 2. Will patients experience the online intervention as satisfactory? 3. Can an online intervention for depression and anxiety realise cost saving benefits? 4. Do clinicians find the experience of delivering the intervention as satisfactory (usable and acceptable)? 5. Can a therapeutic alliance be established online? Design The current study will be a mixed methods, uncontrolled feasibility design. The study will utilise both patient and clinician participants. For patients, the study will examine quantitatively clinical outcomes for patients in regards to depression and anxiety, functional outcomes in terms of work and social functioning and cost effectiveness in regards to step-3 services. Therapeutic alliance will also be examined using both patient and clinician participants. Qualitatively, patient satisfaction and clinician experience of the usability and acceptability of the online intervention will be explored. The study will also qualitatively explore the nature of the therapeutic alliance online through use of a semi-structured interview with clinician participants.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
126
SilverCloud Health is a leading provider of online therapeutic solutions to support and promote positive behavior change and mental wellness. SilverCloud delivers interventions for all of the anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety, phobias, GAD, health anxiety, OCD), depression and also comorbid depression and anxiety. The programs for the treatment of depression and anxiety employ several innovative engagement strategies for improving the user experience. These are divided into several categories: personal, interactive, supportive, and social. Research on the SilverCloud interventions has yielded significant clinical outcomes (Richards et al., 2015).
Sussex Community NHS Trust
Brighton, United Kingdom
Changes in depression symptoms (as measured by the 9 item Patient Health Questionnaire)
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, \& Williams, 2001; Spitzer, Kroenke, \& Williams, 1999) is a self-report measure of depression that has been widely used in screening, primary care, and research. The PHQ-9 items reflect the diagnostic criteria for depression outlined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association \[APA\], 2000). Summary scores range from 0-27, where larger scores reflect a greater severity of depressive symptoms. The PHQ-9 has been found to discriminated well between depressed and non-depressed individuals using the clinical cut-off of total score ≥10, with good sensitivity (88.0%), specificity (88.0%) and reliability (.89) (Kroenke et al., 2001; Spitzer et al., 1999).
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Changes in anxiety symptoms (as measured by the 7 item Generalised Anxiety Disorder inventory)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, \& Löwe, 2006) GAD-7 comprises 7 items measuring symptoms and severity of GAD based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for GAD. The GAD-7 has good internal consistency (α = .92) and good convergent validity with other anxiety scales (Spitzer et al., 2006). Higher scores indicate greater severity of symptoms. The GAD-7 has increasingly been used in large-scale studies as a generic measure of change in anxiety symptomatology, using a cut-off score of 8 (Richards \& Suckling, 2009).
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Work and Social Adjustment
Work and Social Adjustment (WASA; Mundt, Marks, Shear \& Greist, 2002) is a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning. It is a simple and reliable (α \>.75) 5-item self-report measure which provides an experiential impact of a disorder from the patient's point of view. It looks at how the disorder impairs the patient's ability to function day to day on five dimensions: work, social life, home life, private life and close relationships.
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
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Social Phobia
Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN, Connor et al., 2000) consists of 17 self-rated items for social anxiety disorder. The test user is required to reflect over the past week and report on their experiences as laid out by the inventory, which assess the domains of social anxiety disorder (fear, avoidance and physiological arousal). Scores are then totaled to produce a value that is representative of symptom severity on a continuum from none to very severe. Internal reliability for the SPIN has been placed at α = .95, with α values for the subscales ranging from .79 - .85.
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Obsessive Compulsive Tendencies
Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI, Foa et al., 1998) consists of 42 items and 7 subscales, including checking, doubting, washing, ordering, obsessing, hoarding and mental neutralising. Items are presented on a likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). In total, this scale provides 8 summary scores (7 for the subscales and an overall distress score) and these are represented by mean values. Reliability coefficients for the full scale are placed between .86 - .95 and reliability exceeds .70 for all subscales.
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Heath Anxiety
Short Health Anxiety Inventory (Salkovskis, 2002) measures levels of health anxiety, which is characterized by the misinterpretation of bodily sensations as a serious illness. The shortened version of the scale has been constructed such that it is sensitive to both normal and severe levels of health anxiety. A meta-analysis of the inventory has yielded alpha values between .74 - .96 (Alberts et al., 2013).
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Avoidance Behaviours
Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (Chambless et al., 1985) is a scale that was developed in order to measure the avoidance behaviours that are associated with agoraphobia. The α coefficients for both components of the scale are high, with the avoidance alone component yielding α= .96 and avoidance accompanied yielding α = .95 (Chambless et al., 2011)
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Responses to Traumatic Events
Revised Impact of Events Scale (Weiss \& Marmar, 1997) is a measure that is typically used with a geriatric population. It looks at typical responses to traumatic events in the domains of intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal and subjective stress. Full scale reliability analysis yielded α= .96, α= .94 for intrusion, α= .87 for avoidance and α= .91 for hyperarousal (Creamer, Bell \& Failla, 2003).
Time frame: Baseline and post-treatment - 8 weeks
Patient Experience
Patient Experience Questionnaire: Will be used to assess patient experience and satisfaction. This questionnaire forms a part of the IAPT minimum data set and is a national requirement in the UK. The PEQ contains several quantitative questions and open ended questions that are used to assess participant's views and satisfaction with service provision.
Time frame: At the end of the treatment - week 8
Therapeutic Alliance for patients
STAR-P (McGuire-Snieckus, et al., 2007) will be employed to assess patients experience of the therapeutic relationship online. It will be administered post-session.
Time frame: continuous during treatment after each session for 8 weeks
Usability and Acceptability of the iCBT platforms for clinicians.
Usability \& Acceptability Questionnaire: At post intervention, the clinicians will be asked to answer open-ended questions regarding their experience that will be administered in an online format. The questions will be formatted into two sections, where the first will consist of items concerning the administration of the programme, and the second will have items examining the process of clinical support online.
Time frame: At the end of the treatment 2 months
Therapeutic Alliance for clinicians
STAR-C (McGuire-Snieckus, et al., 2007) will be employed to assess clinicians experience of the therapeutic relationship online. The measure will be administered each time the clinician writes a review for their clients.
Time frame: continuous during treatment after each session for 8 weeks
Qualitative Investigation into Therapeutic Alliance for Clinicians
Semi-structured interview: In addition a sample of clinicians will be invited to take part in a more in-depth interview that will consider key psychological aspect to online delivery of therapy and the nature of the therapeutic relationship online. The interview will be semi-structured and follow a number of key questions that will be developed from the extant literature on therapeutic alliance.
Time frame: 1 month post study.