Evaluating the Clinical Effectiveness of 3D Printing for a Patient-specific Silicone Stent Airway Implant

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Understand and voluntarily sign an informed consent form. 2. Patients must be at least 18 years of age 3. Patients must be able to undergo routine non-contrast CT scans of the chest 4. Patient must be stable for general anesthesia and have an airway amenable to rigid bronchoscopy and stent implantation. 5. The patients must have at least an expected 6 month survival. 6. Patient must be able to maintain standard of care follow-up schedule and have access to standard of care medications and nebulizer machines and/or suction and oxygen as required for primary disease management. 7. Patient must be able to personally provide consent and be able to describe Dyspnea and QOL and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) required by study design 8. Patient must require a stent that is within the design envelope of the patient-specific stents, as defined by COS Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients may be excluded if the disease can be managed by simply removing prior stents or performing more conservative therapies. 2. Chronic anticoagulant therapy that could limit the safety of performing rigid therapeutic bronchoscopy in a timely manner. (I.e. Plavix within one year of drug eluding cardiac stent (DES)or 6 weeks following bare metal coronary stent) 3. Unstable cardiac disease 4. Allergy to silicone 5. Stenting to manage vascular compression syndromes. 6. Multi-drug resistant bacterial or fungal chronic infections 7. Emergent/urgent clinically indicated stent. 8. Chronic/permanent mechanical ventilation.