The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of 12 weeks of combined exercise training (CET) on arterial stiffness, endothelial function, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese adolescent girls. Thirty obese adolescent girls participated in this study. The girls were randomly divided into CET group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The CET group performed concurrent resistance training followed by aerobic training at 40-70% of the heart rate reserves (HRR) 3 days/week for 12 weeks. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, C-reactive protein, arterial stiffness, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose, insulin, and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were measured before and after the 12-weeks study.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
30
The CET program was performed for 60 minutes with 5 minutes of warm-up and cool-down per day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Combined exercise consisted of 20 minutes of various resistant band exercises (Upper body: seated rows, biceps curl, shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, chest press; Lower body: hip flexion, hip extension, calf raise, leg press, squat) and 30 minutes of treadmill walking. The warm-up and cool down consisted of static stretching. Intensity of exercise was gradually increased from 40-50% heart rate reserve (HRR) in weeks 1-4, and to 60-70% HRR in weeks 9-12. Each training session was fully supervised by the researchers. Every subject wore a heart rate monitor during the whole training session so as to maintain the correct training intensity.
Arterial stiffness
Arterial stiffness was measured as measurement of baPWV (m/s).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Endothelin-1
Levels of Endothelin-1 in blood were measured by Endothelin-1 enzyme immunoassay kit.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Plasma leptin
Plasma leptin was determined by ELISA kit
Time frame: 12 weeks
Plasma adiponectin
Plasma adiponectin was measured using ELISA kit
Time frame: 12 weeks
Body weight
Body weight was measured to nearest 0.1 kg.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Height
Height was measured to nearest 1 cm.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Waist circumference
Waist circumference was measured at midpoint between the lower rib and the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration using a tape measure
Time frame: 12 weeks
Body fat
Percent body fat (%) was determined using a bioelectrical impedance-meter.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Maximal heart rate
Maximal heart rate was obtained at the end of a graded treadmill exercise test performed until volitional exhaustion.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide generation was measured by Griess assay kit.
Time frame: 12 weeks
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