Brain Plasticity Underlying Acquisition of New Organizational Skills in Children-R61 Phase

Inclusion Criteria: * Age at entry: age ≥ 8.0 and ≤ 11.9 years corresponding to grades 3-5 * Written assent by child and consent by parent or legal guardian * IQ: Estimated full scale IQ ≥ 85 and language comprehension scores ≥ 80 is required as in past studies to assure that children are able to comply with specific skills training and to minimize neurobiological heterogeneity * Organizational skills deficits defined as elevated (≥ 1SD) pre-treatment COSS Parent Total T-score and at least one COSS Parent Interference item rated as either a 3 or 4 (indicating an above-average level of impairment) * Handedness: given the greater prevalence of non-right-handedness in neurodevelopmental disorders, we will track handedness but not exclude left-handed individuals * Medication: To minimize variability due to medication effects, we will preferentially recruit currently unmedicated individuals (no psychoactive medications in the previous 3 months). For stimulants, we will require that dosage be stable for \>1 month before study entry and parents will be asked to consult their physician regarding discontinuation for 48 hours before evaluation, mock scanning and scanning sessions. * Must provide adequate MRI data at baseline Exclusion Criteria: * Enrolled in a self-contained special education classroom or served by a 1:1 paraprofessional in their classroom * A learning disability on Individualized Education Plan * Absence of signed consent by parent or legal guardian * Children who dissent regardless of parental permission * Full scale IQ \< 85 * Participants for whom stimulant discontinuation for 48 hours prior to evaluation, mock scan and scanning sessions is deemed medically impermissible * Children with a recent (past 6 months) or current history of neuroleptic treatment or current treatment with psychotropic medications other than stimulants * Per history (and medical records if needed) medical illness requiring chronic current treatment * History of intrathecal chemotherapy or focal cranial irradiation * Premature birth (\< 32 weeks estimated gestational age or birth weight \< 1500g) * History of leukomalacia or static encephalopathy, intracerebral hemorrhage beyond grade 2, other specific or focal neurological or metabolic disorder including epilepsy (except for resolved febrile seizures) * History of traumatic brain injury * Contraindication for MRI scanning (metal implants, pacemakers, metal foreign bodies or pregnancy)