Asymptomatic Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients With Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis

Overview

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is defined as the presence of an infection in a previously sterile ascites in the absence of an intra-abdominal source of infection or malignancy . The variants of Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis includes - (i) Classic Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: -ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts more than 250/mm3 and positive culture. (ii) Culture negative neutrocytic ascitis but the ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts more than 250/mm3 and (iii) Bacterascites: - a culture positive ascitic fluid but the polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts less than 250/mm3

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a serious complication in patient with decompensated liver cirrhosis . The incidence in ascetic patients varies between 7-30 % as a consequence result of impaired defense mechanism and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with ascites Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis may complicated by hepatorenal syndrome or systemic sepsis and has high recurrence rate - estimated as approximately 70% within 1 year of follow up . The clinical detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis requires a high index of suspicion because symptoms and signs of infection are obscure in most of patients. About 13% of patients are asymptomatic and a few studies reported the incidence of asymptomatic spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites The most common clinical manifestations defined by Jeffries et al and Castellote et al in 2007 are: temperature above 38 °C or below 36.5 °C, chills, abdominal tenderness suggestive of peritonitis, developing or worsening hepatic encephalopathy, acute renal failure (defined by an increase in the serum creatinine level to above 133 μmol/L) and arterial hypotension (systolic arterial pressure below 80 mmHg). The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends performing exploratory paracentesis in each patient with cirrhosis and ascites . A study was done in Poland in 2011, shows the prevalence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic inpatients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and found that two of 37 asymptomatic cirrhotics who were included in the study met criteria of asymptomatic spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (5%) . A french study was done in 2013 in asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients and found that the incidence of asymptomatic Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was only 1.2% . Another study was done in Pakistan in 2015 and found that the incidence of asymptomatic spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in outpatient patient with cirrhosis was 10%(8 out of 80). Another Egyptian study was done in 2016 on asymptomatic spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in adult Egyptian patient with decompensated cirrhosis and found that 21 (13%) patient was asymptomatic spontaneous bacterial peritonitis out of 160 cirrhotic patient ascetic patient who fulfill the inclusion criteria .