Management of Intraoperative Fluids in Ambulatory Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * participants attending the unit for a day surgery procedure * participants whose surgeries will be performed under general anesthesia * aged between 18-65 years * no abnormal findings on chest x-ray or electrocardiogram on preoperative evaluation * patients undergoing procedures which do not require opening of the abdominal or thoracic cavities Exclusion Criteria: * ASA score III or higher * patients undergoing surgeries which require additional pain management procedures (e.g. selective nerve blockade, epidural anesthesia, etc.) * known pregnant women * known kidney disease (or serum creatinine \>1.8 mg/dl) * known liver disease (or AST/ALT \>60 U/l) * known chronic heart failure (determined by a LVEF \<55%) * participants who develop hypotension intraoperatively and do not respond to 4 fluid challenges (1000 ml), requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation OR vasopressors * estimated blood loss during surgery \>250 ml * development of an adverse reaction to any of the drugs administered during surgery (requiring additional medical management)