Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition whose hallmark feature is excessive and uncontrollable worry (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Theories of GAD propose that specific cognitive biases are involved in the maintenance and etiology of chronic worry. One cognitive bias that plays a role in worrying is abstract thinking, or the tendency to "verbalize" thoughts and worries in a manner that is vague and lacking in detail. There is evidence that training depressed people to think more concretely improves depressive symptoms and depression-type thinking styles, and reduces emotional reactivity. Given that chronic worry and depression have commonalities (e.g., repetitive thinking styles, difficulties with problem-solving and attentional control, emotion dysregulation), concreteness training may help people who struggle with chronic worry. The main goals of this proof of concept experiment are 1) to test in individuals reporting chronic worry the effects of an active form of concreteness training that involves imagery practice (compared to a no training control condition) on frequency of worrying, problem solving quality, and worry-related processes; 2) to examine the degree to which concreteness training causes improvements in daily worry and negative affect during the 7 days of practice. The study design will provide us with an understanding on a more "macro" level of the potential short-term benefits and will at the same time allow us to see, on a more "micro" level, how training concreteness affects worry and mood on a day-to-day basis during a 7-day period. The findings from this study will inform relevant clinical literature about efficacious methods to reduce chronic worry.
The main goals of this proof of concept experiment are 1) to test in individuals reporting chronic worry the effects of an active form of concreteness training that involves imagery practice (compared to a no training control condition) on frequency of worrying, problem solving quality, and worry-related processes; 2) to examine the degree to which concreteness training causes improvements in daily worry and negative affect during the 7 days of practice. Participants are recruited from the community via advertisements. Following a telephone screen, participants attend a baseline visit during which they complete the MINI interview. Those who continue to be eligible complete the outcome measures and are randomly assigned to either the experimental condition or the control condition. Participants assigned to the experimental condition receive training in concrete processing and learn how to complete the daily experience sampling diary. Participants assigned to the control condition do not receive training and learn how to complete the daily experience sampling diary. All participants then complete their assigned activities for 7 days. They then return to the lab to complete the outcome measures at post-test, 1 week follow up and 1 month follow up. Participants are then debriefed.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
121
Psychology Research and Training Centre, Ryerson University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Change in worry as measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire - Past Week
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in depressive symptoms as measured by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in negative problem orientation as measured by the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in quality of problem-solving as measured by The Means-Ends Problem-Solving task
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in problem solving style as measured by the Social Problem Solving Inventory Revised
Time frame: Administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1-week follow up and at 1-month follow up
Change in attentional control as measured by the Attentional Control Scale
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in residual working memory capacity as measured by the Random Interval Generation Task
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
- Change in interpretation bias as measured by the Ambiguous/ Unambiguous Situations Diary Extended
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in cognitive avoidance as measured by the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
Change in worry as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test
Time frame: Daily during 7-day intervention period
Change in affect as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test
Time frame: Daily during 7-day intervention period
Change in concreteness as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test.
Time frame: Daily during 7-day intervention period
Change in GAD-Q-IV severity
Time frame: this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up
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