Mid-morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake

N/ACompletedNCT03207607

Toronto Metropolitan University23 enrolled

Overview

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.

23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

DOUBLE

Enrollment

Conditions

Satiety Food Intake

Interventions

Control snackOTHER

Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack prepared by real fruits (186.2kcal)

Maltodextrin snackOTHER

Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with maltodextrin (271.8kcal)

Whey protein snackOTHER

Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with whey protein (201.8kcal)

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 18 YearsMax age: 30 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * be between 18 and 30 years of age * be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control * body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 Exclusion Criteria: * fasting plasma glucose \>5.5 mmol/L * health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease * major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months * current or recent dieting * breakfast skipping * receiving any medications * menstrual irregularities * food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear * behavioural or emotional problems * alcohol consumption \>7 beverages/week

Locations (1)

School of Nutrition, Ryerson University

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Subjective Appetite

Participants completed subjective ratings on appetite (e.g., desire to eat, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption) and well-being at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch.

Time frame: Change from baseline over 120 minutes

Secondary Outcomes

Blood Glucose Response

Blood was collected at baseline (0min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch to observe glycemic responses to gel snacks

Time frame: Change from baseline over 120 minutes

Blood Insulin Response

Blood was collected at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption, as well as immediately following lunch, to observe insulin responses to gel snacks

Time frame: Change from baseline over 120 minutes

Food Intake

Participants consumed an ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 minutes

Time frame: 30 min

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov

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