Multiple NHANES surveys were combined and weighted to evaluate relationships between walnut consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus using various independent measures of diabetes status and risk. After risks were ascertained, interactions with gender were analyzed.
Background. Dietary interventions and cohort studies of tree nuts lowering glucose levels for diabetes suggest a possible effect with walnuts. Objective. To examine the associations between walnut consumption and diabetes risk through data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods. NHANES survey data for 1999 through 2014 was pooled for adults with 24 hour recall dietary data. Risk of diabetes was based on self-report, medication use, fasting plasma glucose levels, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Individuals were characterized as reporting consumption of walnuts, mixed 'nuts', or no nuts.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
34,121
based on self report definition, fasting plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, United States
Diabetes Outcome- self report
Based on self-report as told by a doctor
Time frame: 1999-2014
Diabetes Outcome- Fasting Plasma Glucose
Based on FPG levels
Time frame: 1999-2014
Diabetes Outcome- Hemoglobin A1c
Based on HbA1c levels
Time frame: 1999-2014
Diabetes Outcome- Combined Definition
Based on both FPG and HbA1c levels
Time frame: 1999-2014
Sex Interaction
based on the previously stated definition outcomes
Time frame: 1999-2014
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