This cross-over study investigates health effects of dietary intake of whole walnuts towards cardiovascular risk factors in adults under low cardiovascular risk. Investigators hypothesize that daily intake of whole nuts as a replacement meal, would improve cardiovascular risk factors, including traditional risk factors and molecular biomarkers. The participants are randomly assigned to receive either study treatment, or no treatment, and are crossed after five weeks. The study subjects are instructed to continue with their habitual diet and physical activity.
Recent literature data raise important questions on the beneficial effect of dietary fats. Dietary intake of nuts, although with high caloric burden, is however characterized with high intake of fatty acids with known beneficial health effects. Those fatty acids include mono- (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), to whom beneficial health effects are ascribed. Among nuts, walnuts are characterized with comparatively high levels of MUFA and PUFA, especially content of alpha-linolenic PUFA, considered essential fatty acid, since not synthesized endogenously in humans. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid is shown to be inversely related with cardiovascular risk factors, both in interventional studies and epidemiological cohorts. Molecular background of alpha-linolenic actions is bidirectional, and includes the action itself, as well as beneficial endogenous conversion towards long-chain fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid. Although high caloric intake is indicated with intake of walnuts, literature data suggest that consumption of walnuts does not increase body weight. Dietary intake of walnuts has been shown to decrease cholesterol fractions, triglycerides and apolipoproteins in adult population. Also, consumption of walnuts was associated with decrease in blood pressure. The study design is cross-over, controlled, randomized nutritional intervention. The participants are randomly assigned to receive either study treatment, or no treatment, and are crossed after five weeks. The study subjects are instructed to continue with their habitual diet and physical activity. Additionally, study subjects are instructed to avoid walnuts and nuts other then study treatment, during the complete study period of 10 weeks. Sample size calculation was conducted by use of online calculators, and was based on the low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Namely, in order to achieve decrease in 0.5 mmol/L, in a sample with projected standard deviation of 0.7 mmol/L, and type I and II errors being 0.2 and 0.05, respectively, 62 subjects are needed.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
52
Intervention arm includes whole walnuts taken as dietary replacement meal during the day, and between breakfast and lunch, and/or lunch and dinner. Importantly, none of the main meals, including breakfast, lunch and dinner are to be replaced by study intervention, and the study subjects are instructed to do so. Walnuts are provided with the same producer at the Belgrade market.
Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia
Changes in LDL-cholesterol
Changes in LDL-cholesterol measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure
Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure, from baseline to endpoint, measured office-based at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure
Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure from baseline to endpoint, measured office-based at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in HDL-cholesterol
Changes in HDL-cholesterol measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in total cholesterol
Changes in total cholesterol measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in triglycerides
Changes in triglycerides measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in glucose metabolism biomarkers
Changes in glucose biomarkers measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in renal function parameters
Changes in renal function parameters measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in liver function parameters
Changes in liver function parameters measured by clinical bio-analyzer from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in body weight
Changes in body weight measured by bio-impedance analyzer, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in waist circumference
Changes in waist circumference, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in percent of total body fat
Changes in percent of total body fat measured by bio-impedance analyzer, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Level of Physical Activity
Level of physical activity is assessed by use of standardized Physical Activity Questionnaire.
Time frame: Baseline
Psychological parameters
Psychological parameters are assessed by use of standardized questionnaire for self-assessment of psychological implications of daily activities related to cardiovascular health .
Time frame: 5 weeks
Changes in hematological parameters
Changes in hematological, from baseline to endpoint, measured by hematological clinical analyzer at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in number of leukocyte cells
Changes in number of leukocyte cells, from baseline to endpoint, measured by hematological clinical analyzer at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in total caloric intake
Changes in total caloric intake, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks. Total caloric intake is measured by use of standardized dietary questionnaire namely 24-hour Dietary Recall.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in caloric intake of fats
Changes in caloric intake of fats, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks. The caloric intake is measured by use of standardized dietary questionnaire, namely 24-hour Dietary Recall.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in caloric intake of carbohydrates
Changes in caloric intake of carbohydrates, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks. The caloric intake is measured by use of standardized dietary questionnaire, namely 24-hour Dietary Recall.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
Changes in caloric intake of vitamin D
Changes in caloric intake of vitamin D, from baseline to endpoint, measured at the following timepoints: 0 (baseline), 5 and 10 weeks. The caloric intake is measured by use of standardized dietary questionnaire, namely 24-hour Dietary Recall.
Time frame: Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks
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