I.V naloxone decreases incidence and severity of the common morphine side effects (pruritis, nausea/emesis, constipation, urinary retention, respiratory depression and undesirable sedation) so using it as additive to intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing anal surgeries under spinal anesthesia may be beneficail
Bupivacaine hydrochloride is a commonly used local anesthetic in spinal anesthesia, however, the duration of spinal analgesia by bupivacaine is limited to about 75-150 minutes, therefore, various additives have been used along with bupivacaine for the prolongation of its effect, to improve the quality of analgesia, and to minimize the requirement for postoperative analgesics . Opioids may be added to local anesthetic solutions to enhance surgical anesthesia and provide postoperative analgesia . This effect is mediated at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where opioids mimic the effect of endogenous enkephalins. The use of intrathecal (IT) morphine (0.1 to 0.5 mg) can provide effective control of postoperative pain for roughly 24 hours . However, the use of IT morphine may result in serious side effects e.g. pruritus 53%, nausea and vomiting 43%.urinary retention 43% and delayed respiratory depression . These side effects may lead to patient discomfort and prolonged hospital stay thus limiting the usefulness of IT morphine. Naloxone has an extremely high affinity for μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Naloxone is a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) competitive antagonist, and its rapid blockade of those receptors often produces rapid onset of withdrawal symptoms. Naloxone also has an antagonist action, though with a lower affinity, at κ- (KOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR). Unlike other opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone is essentially a pure antagonist with no agonist properties. I.V naloxone decreases incidence and severity of the common morphine side effects (pruritis, nausea/emesis, constipation, urinary retention, respiratory depression and undesirable sedation) The addition of naloxone to morphine decreases the opioid related side effects without affection of postoperative analgesia. This combination can be used for the treatment of severe refractory chronic low back pain.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
100
50 patients of this group will receive 5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.2 mg morphine in 0.5 ml volume plus 0.5 ml as placebo (total volume 2 mL)
50 patients of this group will receive 5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.2 mg morphine in 0.5 ml volume plus 5ng\\ kg naloxone in 0.5 ml volume (total volume 2mL).
Emad Zarief Kamel Said
Asyut, Egypt
post operative vomiting
vomiting and nausea incidence
Time frame: 24 hours
pain
will be measured by VAS
Time frame: 24 hour postoperatively
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