The purpose of this study is to determine the separate and combined effects of high-intensity interval exercise and chocolate milk on glycemic response, cognitive function, subjective appetite, and salivary cortisol among children aged 9-13 year old children.
Twenty children 9-13 years of age will be recruited for this study. On four separate mornings, after a 10 hour overnight fast, each child will consume a standardized breakfast (including orange juice, a strawberry breakfast bar and a pear fruit cup) at home. Using a 2x2 factorial design, 2 hours after breakfast consumption, each participant will arrive in the lab (T=-20 min) and participate in high-intensity interval exercise or sit quietly for 20 min, followed by a treatment drink of chocolate milk or water (control) consumption in 10 min. During high-intensity interval exercise treatment, children will exercise on a cycle ergometer with a 3-min warm-up, 7 repeated bouts of 60-sec exercise at 90% of peak power output and 60-second recovery, and a 3-min cool down. Blood glucose will be measured via finger-prick at baseline (-20 min), 10, 30, 60, and 90 min. Cognitive functions will be measured using a battery of cognitive tests which assess verbal declarative memory, working memory, and executive functioning, and will be measured at baseline, 10. 30. 60, and 90 min. Subjective appetite and emotions will be measured using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, 10, 30, 60, and 90 min. Salivary cortisol will be assessed from saliva samples collected using the passive drool method, and will be collected at baseline, 10 and 30 min.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
20
High intensity interval exercise Chocolate Milk
High intensity interval exercise Water
Sitting Chocolate Milk
School of Nutrition, Ryerson University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Change from baseline Glycemic Response
Blood samples will be collected via finger-prick method to assess glycemic response (blood glucose, mmol/L)
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline verbal declarative memory
Cognitive function test of verbal declarative memory
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline working memory
The n-back test consists of 2 levels, 1-back and 2-back, where letters are presented on the screen one at a time. During the 1-back level, participants need to determine if the presented letter is the same as the one letter presented 1 before it or not (by selected 'match' or 'no match' on the side of the screen) and during 2-back need to do determine if it is the same letter as the one presented 2 letters prior.
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline executive functioning
The Stroop test consists of one word appearing on the screen written in either blue, red, yellow or green. There are 24 congruent trials where the presented word is the name of the colour it is written it (i.e. 'red' appearing in the colour red), 24 incongruent trials where the word written is a colour word different from the one it is written in (i.e. 'red' appearing in the colour green), and 10 neutral trials where non-colour words appear (i.e. 'tape' appearing in yellow). The participant is asked to tap the corresponding colour that the word is written in as quickly as possible.
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline salivary cortisol response
Saliva samples will be collected via passive drool method to assess salivary cortisol response (ug/dL)
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Sitting Water
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10 and 30 min post-drink consumption
Change form baseline Subjective Appetite
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess appetite
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline aggression
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess aggression
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline anger
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess anger
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline excitement
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess excitement
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline disappointment
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess disappointment
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline happiness
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess happiness
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline upset
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess upset
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change form baseline frustration
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess frustration
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline alertness
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess alertness
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline sadness
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess sadness
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline tension
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess tension
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline exhaustion
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess exhaustion
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption
Change from baseline sleepiness
100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess sleepiness
Time frame: baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption