Groups (group 1 receives 1000 IU vitamin D and group 2 receives 2000 IU vitamin D) through a random allocation. It is necessary to mention that all cases in each group could be able to receive the current supplementation during pregnancy (Folic acid, iron and multivitamin and calcium). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D supplementation (1000 and 2000 IU/d) during pregnancy on maternal and newborn vitamin D status and metabolic profile including lipid profile (serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride(TG)), glucose homeostasis (fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) and inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) markers and pregnancy outcomes including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, abortion, cesarian section, and also anthropometric data and apgar score of infants compared with placebo.
In this randomized controlled trial, 84 pregnant women aged at 18-40 years with gestational age of \<12 weeks will be recruited and divided into 2 groups. Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle data as well as blood samples and urine samples will be collected at baseline and in the last month of pregnancy. Moreover the cord blood will be collected at birth. Fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, lipid profile (serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride(TG)), inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC), calcium:creatinine ratio are going to be evaluated at the beginning and in the end of the interventional period in pregnant women. Inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), hs-CRP) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC) will be determined in cord blood as well.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
84
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Tehran, Iran
The changes in maternal vitamin D status from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of 25(OH) D will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of fasting blood glucose from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of fasting blood glucose will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of insulin from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of insulin will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of triglyceride(TG) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The serum concentration of triglyceride(TG) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in systolic blood pressure from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured by a training physician
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in diastolic blood pressure from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured by a training physician
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
preeclampsia
Preeclampsia characterized by high blood pressure begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had been normal.
Time frame: 2-5 months
Preterm delivery
A premature birth is a birth that takes place before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy.
Time frame: 5-8 months
Spontaneous abortion
Spontaneous abortion is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before 20 weeks of gestation.
Time frame: 2-5 months
The changes in cellular secretion of interleukin 1 from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The status of interleukin 1 will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in cellular secretion of interleukin 6 from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The status of interleukin 6 will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in cellular secretion of interleukin 10 from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The status of interleukin 10 will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in cellular secretion of TNF-a from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The status of TNF-a will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of hs-CRP from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
The status of hs-CRP will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of MDA (Malondialdehyde) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
the serum concentration of MDA (Malondialdehyde) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of TAC from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
the serum concentration of TAC will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of calcium from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
the serum concentration of calcium will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
The changes in serum concentration of phosphate from first trimester to last month of pregnancy
the serum concentration of phosphate will be measured during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy.
Time frame: baseline and 6-8 months
Apgar score
The Apgar score is a quick evaluation of one minute and five minutes after birth which tests the birthing process and readiness of newborn to meet the world without additional medical assistance.
Time frame: 6-8 months
The weight measures of newborn
The data of anthropometric measures including weight will be measured.
Time frame: 6-8 months
The height measures of newborn
The data of anthropometric measures including height will be measured.
Time frame: 6-8 months
The head circumference measures of newborn
The data of anthropometric measures including head circumference will be measured.
Time frame: 6-8 months
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