Myocardial Injury Following Non-cardiac Surgery

Overview

It is estimated that \> 200 million patients in the world undergo surgery each year of which approximately 10 million will suffer from a myocardial injury in the perioperative period. Mortality is high in patients with myocardial injury since it often goes undiagnosed and management is unclear. In contrast to myocardial infarction diagnosed in the emergency room (non-surgical patient) where treatment is well established today, patients suffering from a perioperative myocardial injury have a poorer outcome. Additionally, the patho-physiology of myocardial injury is unknown in the individual patient, non-invasive diagnostic tools are not widely available and treatment remains unknown. Most cases of myocardial injury in Non-cardiac surgery (MINS) are seen within the first 48-72 h after surgery and a majority have no symptoms. Many patients developing MINS are \< 65 years old and non-diabetics, an age group that usually does not have coronary artery disease. A elevated Troponin T (TnT) without symptoms or ECG changes, typically occurring in the perioperative period, is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Surgical trauma also causes an increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines, which together with sympathetic over-activity and platelet activation, leads to a hyper-coagulant state, and in turn may cause coronary thrombosis. It is possible that some cases of MINS also result from oxygen supply-delivery mismatch. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the cause of MINS in patients presenting with increased TnT in the perioperative period. Our aim is therefore to investigate patients having MINS in order to better understand its aetiology and subsequently develop focused strategies to reduce risks.

Introduction: It is estimated that \> 200 million patients in the world undergo surgery each year of which approximately 10 million would suffer from a myocardial injury in the perioperative period. Mortality is high in this group of patients since it often goes undiagnosed, the patho-physiology of myocardial injury is unclear, non-invasive diagnostic tools are not widely available and treatment is unknown. Multiple studies have shown that \> 10% of patients \> 65 years and undergoing non-cardiac surgery have an increase in Troponin T (TnT). In the POISE study including 8331 patients, the authors found that 5.7% of the placebo group suffered from a myocardial injury within the 30-day postoperative period. In the recently published data from the VISION study including \> 15,000 patients, the authors demonstrated that patients with peak perioperative TnT values of \< 0.01, 0.02, 0.03-0.29 and \> 0.30 ng/L had a 30-day mortality of 1%, 4%, 9.3% and 16.9% respectively. Furthermore, an elevated TnT without symptoms or ECG changes are an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. It is possible that some cases of myocardial injury in Non-cardiac surgery (MINS) result from oxygen supply-delivery mismatch due to severe perioperative hypotension, and possibly persistent tachycardia but coronary artery thrombosis cannot be excluded in these patients. It is well known that surgical trauma causes an increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines which, together with sympathetic over-activity, leads to a hypercoagulable state due to platelet activation, and a predisposition to thrombosis. In one study, it was found that approximately 1/3 of the patients had evidence of intracoronary thrombosis at autopsy. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery (MINCA) has recently received greater attention in the literature. The underlying patho-physiology responsible for MINCA revealed the presence of a typical myocardial infarct on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in only 24% of patients, with myocarditis occurring in 33% and no significant abnormality in 26%. A rare cause of MINCA is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also called stress cardiomyopathy. Recently, coronary angiography using computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) has added a new dimension to the diagnostic armamentarium available to the clinician. Using advanced imaging techniques and low radiation, it is today possible to determine quite accurately coronary artery anatomy and thereby determine stenotic lesions in the coronary vasculature. Echocardiography can be easily performed by an experienced technician, the images stored digitally and evaluated subsequently by specialists. The availability of continuous perioperative monitoring of several hemodynamic indices as well as regular blood gas analysis, may enable determination of oxygen demand-supply mismatch. Methods: This is a case-control study in patients undergoing major, non-cardiac surgery. Permission will be obtained from the Ethics committee prior to patient recruitment and Good Clinical Practice guidelines will be followed in all patients. Two parts to the study are planned: Part 1. Screening of all patients undergoing vascular surgery (arterial surgery) where demographic data, co-morbidities, laboratory and perioperative haemodynamic parameters, postoperative complications will be recorded and patients followed up at 30, 90 and 365 days after surgery via medical records. This group is estimated to include 500 patients. Informed consent will be obtained from these patients for data collection and follow-up via medical records. Part 2. Patients with a significant increase in TnT (estimated 10% = 50 patients) will undergo cMRI (see below) and a matched control without increase in TnT will also undergo similar protocol as described below. Verbal and written informed consent will be obtained from all patients willing to participate in the second part of the study. The following laboratory tests would be performed preoperatively (baseline values): routine bloods, creatinine, urea, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), C-reacting proteins (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, TnT, N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro BNP), lipid profile, 12-lead EKG and echocardiography (ECHO). Anaesthesia and Surgery The surgical and anaesthetic techniques would be determined by physicians responsible for the patient and according to established hospital routines and practices. Patient records would be used for the determination of adverse events according to a standardized protocol. Patient characteristics, pre-operative risk factors, laboratory data and follow-up data would be obtained from medical records. Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis, surgical infections and fluid and electrolyte balance would also follow hospital practice. All included patients would be admitted to the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) overnight, and longer if deemed necessary by the attending Anaesthesiologist. Patients would be continuously haemodynamically monitored and anaesthesia records would be maintained for independent assessment by a blinded reviewer. Drop in blood pressure that persists despite short-acting vasopressors will be treated by infusion of noradrenaline perioperatively. Hs-TnT would be repeated in all patients at 24, 48 and 72 h postoperatively. Plasma NT-pro BNP would be re-assessed at 24 h. A 12-lead EKG would be recorded in all patients with elevated high-sensitivity TnT (hs-TnT) at the time of first occurrence and 48 h later. Platelet function tests, microparticles as well as coagulation tests would be performed periodically in the perioperative period. Further laboratory tests would be performed as needed at the discretion of the attending physician. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cMRI) would be performed within 1-3 days of detecting a rise in TnT in the study population as well as the control group. This will include a drug-induced (Adenosine) stress test of the heart in connection with the examination. cMRI will allow an increased opportunity to identify an acute myocardial injury, even of a minor nature, and minimises the risk of radiation to patients (as with CTA). The cMRI scan will be performed within 24-48 hours after elevated levels of cTnT (cardiac troponins) are measured. Echocardiography: Protocolized ECHO would be performed 24 h after detection of raised TnT in the study group, and at corresponding time period in a matched group of controls. The ECHO will be recorded and subsequently interpreted by an experienced clinical physiologist/cardiologist to determine wall motion abnormalities and systolic and diastolic function. When deemed necessary by the attending Cardiologist, the following may also be performed: Conventional invasive coronary angiography: This will only be done at the discretion of the attending Cardiologist and in agreement with the patient and surgeon at an appropriate time point after surgery, if deemed necessary. The control group will be matched for age, sex and co-morbidities described in the revised cardiac risk score (myocardial ischemia, cardiac failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and major-risk surgery) (ref) and grouped into \< 3 risk factors and \>/= 3 risk factors.