The investigators have previously studied the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as a treatment for Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) in a prospective, active control, crossover clinical trial. The results demonstrated significant amelioration of all FMS symptoms, with significant improvement in life quality; furthermore, the investigators were able to demonstrate significant neuroplasticity on SPECT imaging, with a decrease of the hyperactivity in posterior regions and elevation of the reduced activity in frontal areas. In the proposed study, the investigators intend to both repeat and expand our previous findings, treating FMS patients with HBOT while performing an extensive of evaluation both before and after treatment. In the current study, the investigators plan to compare HBOT to current standard of care of FMS (pharmacological and non - pharmacological).
The study will include 70 fibromyalgia patients in whom physical trauma, such mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), could be considered as the trigger for FMS. Each participant will be examined at the time of recruitment and a diagnosis of FMS will be verified, based on the updated 2016 diagnostic criteria In the current study the investigators will recruit patients not currently being treated with medications specific for FMS, including anti-depression drugs, gabapentanoids and tricyclics, opiods and medical cannabis. Patients who are on such treatment will be required to discontinue treatment 2 weeks before recruitment. Patients will undergo randomization upon recruitment to one of the two study groups. One group will proceed to a course of HBOT treatment while the second group will commence with standard treatment for FMS, as outlined in the Israeli guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of FMS \[41\]. These patients will be given detailed education regarding the nature of FMS as well as recommendations regarding non - pharmacological interventions recommended for FMS, including graded physical exercise, hydrotherapy, movement-meditative treatments (e.g. Tai Chi) and cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT). HBOT protocol: a total of 60 daily hyperbaric oxygen treatment sessions will be administrated 5 days per week. 60 sessions will include exposure of 90 minutes to 100% at 2 Absolute atmospheres (ATA), with 5 minutes air breaks every 20 minutes. Pharmaceutical protocol: patients will be offered pharmacological treatment with one of the two medications currently licensed for the treatment of FMS in Israel, i.e. Cymbalta and Lyrica. Treatment with Lyrica will start at a dose of 75 mg at bedtime while treatment with Cymbalta will start at a dose of 30 mg a day (in the morning). After a period of 6 weeks patients will be evaluated and dose will be adjusted as necessary. Patients may also be switched from one medication to the other based according to clinical judgment. Crossover: After 3 months of either pharmaceuitical or HBOT, once the 2nd evaluation is completed, all patients in both groups will be offered to switch to the alternative treatment group.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
76
60 HBOT sessions at 2 ATA 100% oxygen
one of the two medications currently licensed for the treatment of FMS in Israel, i.e. Cymbalta and Lyrica.
60 HBOT sessions at 2 ATA 100% oxygen after crossover
Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center
Ẕerifin, Israel
Visual analogue Scale (VAS)
The primary end point of the study will be the measurement of daily pain on a (0-10) Visual analogue Scale
Time frame: at 3 months
Visual analogue Scale (VAS)
The primary end point of the study will be the measurement of daily pain on a (0-10 scale) Visual analogue Scale
Time frame: at 6 months
Global Pain Scale (GPS)
Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named Global Pain Scale (GPS) questionnaire (0-100 scale)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Patient global impression of change
Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named: Patient global impression of change (yes/no)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire - FIQ (Hebrew version) (0-100 scale)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Wide Spread Pain Index
Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named:Wide Spread Pain Index (WPI) Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named:Wide Spread Pain Index (scale 0-19)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Symptom Severity Scale
Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms questionnaire named:Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) (scale 0-12)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
SF-36 questionnaire
Quality of life questionnaire named short-form 36 (SF-36) (scale 0-100)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Medical Outcome Sleep Scale
Sleep qualtiy questionnaire named: Medical Outcome Sleep Scale (MOS) questionnaire (0-100 scale)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Beck Depression Inventory
Depression questionnaire named Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) (scale 0-63)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
EQ-5D
Quality of life questionnaire named EQ-5D (scale 0-25)
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Cognitive function
The Mindstreams battery includes several cognitive tests devised to check various aspects of brain capabilities. In the current study we will evaluate the cognitive indices based on the scores of the 6 cognitive tests listed below, which are expected to be relevant for mild TBI. For detailed description of all cognitive tests in Mindstreams battery
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Cognitive function - CANTAB
Patients' cognitive functions will be assessed by CANTAB computerized cognitive tests (Cambrdige cognition , England) \[52\]. The CANTAB is a semiautomated test battery which can be administered on a laptop PC and more recently has been modified for administration on a handheld tablet. The current release of CANTAB Eclipse comprises 25 tests designed to assess components of cognitive function which fall into 7 broad groups of tests: visual memory, executive function, working memory and planning, attention, semantic/verbal memory, decision making and response control, social cognition, and screening/familiarization.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Cerebral blood volume
Cerebral blood volume (in mililiter) will be measured using perfusion MRI protocol Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC). • DSC: 50 T2\*-weighted gradient-echo echo planar imaging (EPI) volumes will be acquired, 2 repetitions before a bolus injection of Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA), 48 repetitions after injection of Gd-DTPA.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood volume (in mililiter/min) will be measured using perfusion MRI protocol Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC). • DSC: 50 T2\*-weighted gradient-echo echo planar imaging (EPI) volumes will be acquired, 2 repetitions before a bolus injection of Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA), 48 repetitions after injection of Gd-DTPA.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Fractional anistropy
Brain microstructure imaging will evalute fractional anistropy (FA , scale 0-1 in each region of interest. The MRI protocol will include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). MRI sequence parameters: • DTI: 30 diffusion weighted images will be scanned with different gradient directions (b=1000) and one volume without diffusion weighting
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Mean diffusivity
Brain microstructure imaging will evalute mean diffusivity (MD, scale 0-1 in each region of interest. The MRI protocol will include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). MRI sequence parameters: • DTI: 30 diffusion weighted images will be scanned with different gradient directions (b=1000) and one volume without diffusion weighting
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Brain function imaging
Resting state fMRI(rsfMRI or R-fMRI)- a method of functional brain imaging that can be used to evaluate regional interactions that occur when a subject is not performing an explicit task. This resting brain activity is observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
brain function imaging
Brain photon emission computed tomography (PET-CT) will be conducted using FDG.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Brain network analysis
EEG activity will be recorded at resting state , during performing cognitive tasks and following a trans-magnetic stimulation. EEG recording will be performed using a 64 electrodes cap.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Heat/Cold Pain threshold evaluation
Thermal pain is induced with thermal electrode (thermode). Thermode temperature will initially be set at 32.0°C and gradually increase at a rate of 0.3°C/sec. Participants will be instructed to report when the sensation produced by the thermode changed from heat sensation to pain (heat pain threshold) and when the pain became unbearable (heat pain tolerance). This procedure will be conducted twice for every subject and the mean of the two trials will be calculated. The thermode will be placed on adjacent areas of the forearm for every trial to avoid primary skin hyperalgesia.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Conditioned pain modulation
In the current study CPM efficiency will be evaluated by computing the difference in mean pain intensity induced by the Heat test-stimulus (HTS) before and during immersion of non-dominant hand to 10 degrees cold water (the Cold pressor test) (i.e., pain during pre-immersion HTS - pain during post-immersion HTS). Thus, effective pain inhibitory mechanisms are represented by higher (positive) values.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Physical activity
The daily physical activity will be objectively tracked by FitBit watch technology. The FitBit watch will be also wired during night for measurements of the time asleep, restless and awake, Fitbit trackers help you understand each night to make the most of each day
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Exercise capacity
Participants will undergo exercise testing using a modified Balke treadmill protocol and continuous expired gas analysis. Resting and exercise vital signs will monitored continuously. The exercise duration and exercise-limiting symptoms will be recorded. The peak VO2, VCO2 and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) will be averaged over the last 15 seconds of the exercise test. The ventilatory equivalent (VE/VCO2 slope) will be calculated from start of exercise to the end of exercise.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Inflammatory cytokines
Blood Tests will include: IL-1, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CRP.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
CD4 number
CD4 number (cells per ml) .Using a 4-color FACS CD4 number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
CD8 number
CD8 number (cells per ml) .Using a 4-color FACS CD8 number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
CD4:CD8 ratio
CD4:CD8 number (ratio) .Using a 4-color FACS CD4:CD8 number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
CD8+CD28null
CD8+CD28null number (cells/ml) .Using a 4-color FACS CD8+CD28null number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Naïve B-Cells number
B cell number (cells/ml) .Using a 4-color FACS B cells number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
CD4CD25 positive number
CD4CD25 cell number (cells/ml) .Using a 4-color FACS CD4CD25 number will be evaluated. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be isolated using density gradient centrifugation and will behed 3 times in 1640 RPMI medium. Cells will be frozen in freezing medium and kept in liquid nitrogen until thawed for analysis. PBMCs will be will behed twice in PBS with 3% FCS. 1X10\^5 cells will be resuspended in 100 microliter PBS contatining CD4,CD8, CD25,CD28, CD56, CD16, CD3 conjugated colored antibodies.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
Microbiome
Microbiome evaluation method: Using our cutting-edge facilities, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) next-generation sequencing of fecal samples will be performed to identify bacteria present in the gut. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is a well-established method for studying phylogeny and taxonomy (the description, identification and evolutionary classification) of samples from complex microbial environments that are difficult to study.
Time frame: baseline, at 3 months, at 6 months
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