Targeting Self-regulatory Deficits Through Cognitive Remediation Intervention

Change in Stop Signal Reaction Time

Improved functioning on cognitive-affective battery: Examining Stop Signal reaction time changed across the 4-week training period. A change score was calculated. A negative number indicates better inhibition over time.

Time frame: Training visit 1 through 4 weeks of training

Change From Pre-Post in Substance Use

The cube root of the number of days the participant endorsed using their primary substance. The number of days was submitted to a cube root transformation given skewness and a change score was calculated (post minus pre). A negative number indicated decreased substance use over time.

Time frame: 4 weeks before First Training Session through the 4-week training period

Change in Pre-Post Cognitive Affective Battery- Negative Urgency Subscale (Part of the Urgency, Premeditation (Lack of), Perseverance (Lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale)

Negative urgency (NU) subscale. The scale score range is 11-44. Higher values indicate stronger agreement with this pathway toward impulsivity. A change score was calculated. A negative number indicates less agreement with negative urgency.

Time frame: from the week prior to training to the week after training

Change in Experimental Performance-Change in Percentage of Risky Choices Under Risk Condition of the Lottery Task

The percent of risky choices per session. This would indicate that the participant selected the lottery option that reflected a riskier bet. A change score was calculated. A negative number indicates improved decision-making (selecting fewer risky options).

Time frame: Training visit 1 through 4 weeks of training

Change in Experimental Performance- Change in Percentage of Ambiguous Choices Under 24% Ambiguity in Lottery Task

Percent of choices the participant made that reflected selecting the ambiguous option. A change score was calculated. A negative number reflects improved decision-making (selecting more safe options).

Time frame: Training visit 1 through 4 weeks of training

Change in Experimental Performance- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)

Estimated change in percentage of trial attempts on round 3 of the PASAT. A positive number reflects more trial attempts in the third round of PASAT.

Time frame: from the week prior to training (pre) to the week after training (post)

Change in Pre-Post Cognitive Affective Battery: Digit Backwards

Score on digit backwards. Fourteen strings of varying lengths (2 to 7 digits) are presented. A participant receives a point for each string they correctly repeat backwards. Range 0-14 points. Change score was calculated-positive values indicate improved working memory over time.

Time frame: from the week prior to training (pre) to the week after training (post)

Change in Pre-Post Cognitive Affective Battery: Breath Holding

Negative emotionality-distress tolerance as measured by the difference between when the participant says they are uncomfortable and when they let go of holding their breath. Measured in seconds (this was natural log-transformed due to skewness for analyses). Positive change indicates improved distress tolerance over time.

Time frame: from the week prior to training (pre) to the week after training (post)

Change in Pre-Post Cognitive Affective Battery: Perceived Stress Scale

Negative emotionality-perceived stress. The total score ranges from 0-4. Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived stress. A change score was calculated. Negative change indicates an improvement (reduction in perceived stress) over time.

Time frame: from the week prior to training (pre) to the week after training (post)

Change in Pre-Post Cognitive Affective Battery: Delay Discounting

Incentive salience- delay discounting. Five-Trial Adjusting-Delay Discounting Task (Koffarnus \& Bickel, 2014) is a 5-item behavioral assessment used to estimate the extent to which individuals prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. A discount rate (ln (k)) is calculated for each time the measure is used. Discount rates for the 5- trial delay task were calculated by taking the inverse of the obtained Effective Delay 50 value, which is equivalent to the value of k, when fitted to this singular point. Ln(k) is the natural log of the discount rate. A change score was calculated. Negative change indicates improved decision-making

Time frame: from the week prior to training (pre) to the week after training (post)