Surgical treatment of breast cancer is associated with significant disability, and pain is often reported as a primary cause for declines in the ability to perform activities of daily living. However, breast reconstruction at the same time as mastectomy has been linked to higher postoperative pain, which can be a risk factor for persistent pain. The goal of this study is to determine the speed of recovery from pain and opioid use in the first 2 months after breast surgery and reconstruction.
Surgical treatment of breast cancer is associated with significant disability, and pain is often reported as a primary cause for declines in the ability to perform activities of daily living. Surgical treatments can also negatively influence social exposure and alter self-perception and sexual health. Reconstruction of the breast mound following mastectomy has several benefits in psychosocial functioning, body image and satisfaction with breast appearance, and sexual well-being. However, reconstruction at the same time as mastectomy has been linked to higher postoperative pain. Compared to autologous breast reconstruction, implant based techniques have been linked to higher requirements of postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and benzodiazepines as well as higher pain scores in the immediate postoperative period and one year after surgery. Recent publications report that intensity of pain in the operative area prior to surgery, body mass index (BMI), presence of axillary operation, intensity of acute postoperative pain, and amount of opioid required to achieve satisfactory analgesia in the acute postoperative period are also risk factors for persistent pain following breast cancer surgery (PPBCS). Since severity of acute postoperative pain is consistently observed as a risk factor for persistent pain, there has been interest in determining whether better acute pain control reduces this risk. Infiltration of the surgical site with bupivacaine decreases intraoperative and postoperative narcotic use, and has been associated with decreased pain scores in the immediate postoperative period. A novel approach to hemithoracic analgesia has been introduced which proposed less risk of anatomic trespass by doing a local anesthetic injection into the fascial planes of the chest wall. These procedures have demonstrated improved analgesia for breast surgeries. Unfortunately, there is a lack of large, multicenter, prospective, and randomized trials comparing these analgesic modalities and evaluating the response to these acute postoperative analgesic interventions with regard to PPBCS and other metrics of daily function, satisfaction with pain control, and self-perception of well-being and predictors of recovery from the pain state. The goals of this research are to provide short-term surrogate measures for prevention or treatment trials and to develop methods enabling practitioners to forecast recovery in real-time and that are translatable to patients in understandable references regarding risk over time.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE
Patients assigned to the local infiltration with bupivacaine group will receive 30 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. These injections will occur at the end of the mastectomy and prior to the insertion of the tissue expander implant. The local anesthetic will be injected into the chest wall and skin flaps. Attending physicians and resident physicians will receive prior instruction regarding correct placement of the local anesthetic so that it will be consistently placed in the same locations with similar volume distribution.
Patients assigned to the pectoralis block group will receive a total of 20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine (with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 1.67 mcg clonidine per ml) in the tissue plane between the serratus anterior and the pectoralis minor muscles at approximately the level of the 4th rib and 10 ml of the same solution in the tissue plane between the two pectoralis muscles at approximately the 3rd rib under ultrasound guidance on the surgical side preoperatively.
Modeled worst pain intensity using the numeric rating scale (NRS)
NRS pain scores will be obtained daily from time of initiation into the study until 2 months after surgery and the scores following hospital discharge will be modeled for each individual using a growth curve change-point approach. The NRS has a 0-10 numeric rating scale (0=no pain and 10=worst pain imaginable), where lower scores denotes better outcomes.
Time frame: From study start to 2 months after surgery
Area under the curve of the numeric rating scale (NRS)
The NRS has a 0-10 numeric rating scale (0=no pain and 10=worst pain imaginable), where lower scores denotes better outcomes.
Time frame: During the first 48 hours postoperatively
Opioid use
Opioid use converted to morphine equivalents while in hospital and daily for the first 2 months after surgery
Time frame: From admission to 2 months after surgery
Length of stay for hospitalization
Length of stay for hospitalization after mastectomy and breast reconstruction. Time is counted from admission to hospital discharged.
Time frame: At Discharge (up to 30 days)
Readmission rates
Readmission rates to the hospital within 6 months after mastectomy and breast reconstruction.
Time frame: 6 months after mastectomy and breast reconstruction
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