The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of sodium intake reduction by education in patients with resistant hypertension. The study was designed to maximize the compliance to antihypertensive agents and use optimal doses of antihypertensive agents including diuretics for 2 months before randomization. Patients will be assigned randomly to receiving (1) education of sodium intake reduction and exercise, or (2) education of exercise alone. Education of sodium intake reduction will be blinded to patients, and education of exercise will be provided to both group to blind the subjects. Daytime ambulatory blood pressure is adopted for diagnosis of resistant hypertension to avoid white-coat effect.
The study consists of 3 phases. The first phase is to exclude pseudo-resistant hypertension by improving compliance to antihypertensive medications. Patients should visit with a prescribed antihypertensive drugs to calculate compliance to medication. If patient has compliance to medication \>= 85% \[= (the number of pills dispensed - the number of pills counted) / the number of pills expected to have been taken (calculated by multiplying the daily dose by the number of days since the date dispensed)\], ambulatory blood pressure will be measured. If the patient had compliance to medication \>= 85%, and daytime ambulatory blood pressure \>=135/85 mmHg, he will be entered into first phase of treatment. If patient had compliance to medication \<85%, patients will be asked to enhance medication adherence to 85% or more, and revisit after 1 months. In the first phase of treatment, dose of current antihypertensive medications (diuretics should be included) will be escalated to optimal doses. Three or more classes of antihypertensive drugs should be prescribed, and educate to keep compliance to medication \>=85%. The duration of second phase of treatment is 2 months. After start of first phase, there is a monitoring visit monitoring of adverse drug reaction of diuretics for safety. If there is adverse drug reaction, the dose of suspected drug will be decreased. After 2 months of treatment, if daytime ambulatory blood pressure is \>= 135/85 mmHg with compliance to medication \>=85%, the patients will be entered into second phase of treatment. In the second phase of treatment, patients will be randomly assigned to receive either education of exercise or education of exercise and low sodium diet (intensive education with education materials). To the patients assigned to exercise education, detailed training of diet control using educational materials will not be provided. The patients will be blinded to educational group assignments. The duration of second phase of treatment is 1 month. Before start and after completion of second phase of treatment, the amount of sodium intake will be measured by 24-hour urine sodium excretion.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
5
Provide materials to reduce sodium intake and educate how to reduce sodium intake effectively
Provides materials on exercise methods to reduce blood pressure and educates how to perform exercise effectively
Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital
Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
Difference of change of sitting systolic blood pressure
Comparison of the difference of sitting systolic blood pressure after completion of second phase of treatment (sodium intake reduction phase) from randomization of Second phase of treatment between groups
Time frame: from randomization to completion of second phase of treatment (sodium intake reduction phase, for 1 month)
Effect of optimized antihypertensive treatment
Percent of responders (sitting SBP \< 90 mmHg or difference of sitting SBP \> 10 mmHg from randomization) at the end of first phase treatment
Time frame: At the end of First phase of treatment (for 2 months)
Effect of optimized antihypertensive treatment
Comparison of changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering at the end of the First phase of treatment from baseline
Time frame: From the start to the end of First phase of treatment (for 2 months)
Effect of sodium intake reduction
Difference of change of sitting diastolic blood pressure between groups (exercise vs exercise + sodium intake reduction) after completion of the Second phase of treatment (sodium intake reduction phase) from randomization of Second phase of treatment
Time frame: from randomization to completion of second phase of treatment (sodium intake reduction phase, for 1 month)
Comparison of Percent of responders at the end of first phase treatment between groups
Comparison of percent responders between groups (sitting SBP \< 90 mmHg or difference of sitting SBP \> 10 mmHg from randomization) at the end of second phase of treatment
Time frame: at the end of second phase of treatment (sodium intake reduction phase, for 1 month)
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