Randomized Controlled Trial on Robotic Exoskeleton in Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Outcomes and Cortical Plasticity

Overview

The recent introduction of robotics for locomotor training in paraplegic patients, and in particular the use of anthropomorphic exoskeletons, has opened new frontiers in rehabilitation. Existing literature, though encouraging, is still scarce and studies demonstrating efficacy are highly heterogeneous and have a small sample size. Evidence is also needed about cortical plasticity after SCI, in conjunction with the use of innovative rehabilitation devices, through indicators like neurophysiological and neuroradiological markers, as the knowledge of such mechanisms is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. Cortical circuits controlling prosthetic devices are different from those controlling normal parts of the body and remodeling mechanisms following prosthetic use have been documented, but in conditions other than SCI. The aims of this randomized controlled trial, with a 2-arm parallel-group design, are: 1. to evaluate and quantify the efficacy of locomotor rehabilitation with a robotic anthropomorphic exoskeleton (EKSO-GT) in terms of clinical and functional outcomes, and the persistence of such efficacy; 2. to investigate the presence and persistence of brain neuronal plasticity and cortical remodeling mechanisms underlying the robotic rehabilitation approach. Fifty patients will be recruited and randomly assigned to 2 treatment arms. Both groups will follow a program of standard locomotor rehabilitation for 8 weeks. One group will also undergo an overground locomotor training with the EKSO-GT during the first 4 weeks.

The increasing incidence of incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) has raised new rehabilitation challenges. Recovery of walking is one of the top priorities in SCI persons and growing efforts have been pursued aimed at identifying effective alternative techniques for improving gait performance. Standard rehabilitation approach has been so far the most widely used, but the recent introduction of anthropomorphic exoskeletons may open new frontiers in the field. Anthropomorphic exoskeletons have been developed to assist SCI patients with mobility, but there is also a certain optimism that they may have potentialities to improve walking patterns of incomplete SCI persons after a rehabilitation period with such devices is terminated. So far, however, while different systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported on the safety of the training with such exoskeletons, there are no significant Fiftystudies on its efficacy. Along with this, central mechanisms underlying the anatomical and functional changes induced by these approaches have never been investigated in SCI. This longitudinal randomized controlled trial, with a 2-arm parallel group design, aims at evaluating the efficacy of the training with an anthropomorphic, robotized exoskeleton (EKSO-GT, by Ekso Bionics), as "add-on" to the standard locomotor rehabilitation, in improving walking performance, when compared to the standard locomotor rehabilitation alone, in a population of patients with non-acute motor incomplete SCI. Along with this and other clinical outcomes, neurophysiological and structural markers of Central Nervous System (CNS) plasticity will be explored, aimed at capturing mechanisms underlying how anthropomorphic exoskeletons affect CNS plasticity. Fifty patients will be recruited in 3 Italian rehabilitation hospitals setting and assigned to 2 groups, with an allocation ratio of 1:1, through a block randomization approach. One group will perform a 4-week standard locomotor training (sLT) alone, while the other will perform a 4-week period sLT plus a training with the EKSO-GT (sLT + EX-T). Afterwards, both groups will undergo a further 4-week sLT alone. Patients will be evaluated at several time points (always when the exoskeleton is not worn): clinical outcomes will be assessed by means of clinical examinations, standardized tests and validated scales; neurophysiological modulations will be evaluated by means of paired Motor and Sensory Evoked Potentials and a study of Electroencephalographic (EEG) slow waves oscillations and signal coherence during sleep; anatomical and structural cortical modifications will be studied with brain functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It is expected that the overground locomotor training with a new-generation exoskeleton, as "add-on" to standard locomotor training, can further improve clinical outcomes (especially walking performance) in the studied population, and that such clinical improvements are underlined by mechanisms modulating synaptic plasticity occurring also at the CNS level.