The Effect of Cocoa Flavanol on the BOLD Response and Cognitive Function in Type 1 Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria: * non-smoking T1D patients or matched healthy controls * having diabetes for more than 1 year * males and females older than 18 years * stable medications for more than 6 months (no use of cholinesterase inhibitors or prior use of multivitamins was allowed) * adequate visual and auditory acuity to allow neuropsychological testing. Exclusion Criteria: * participant enrolled in any investigational drug study within 2 months or longer, depending on the investigational drug half-life * history in the past 2 years of epileptic seizures or any major psychiatric disorder * history or MRI evidence of brain damage, including significant trauma, stroke, hydrocephalus, mental retardation, or serious neurological disorder, * significant history of alcoholism or drug abuse * unstable cardiac, renal, lung, liver, or other severe chronic disease * hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg, diastolic blood pres-sure ≥100 mmHg) or hypotension (systolic blood pressure \<100 mmHg) * pacemaker or other medical metal devices that precludes performing MRI, * chronic inflammatory diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or polymyalgia rheumatic * macrovascular complications * retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy (microvascular complications)