This ClinicalTrials.gov record pertains only to the clinical trial described below in Aim 4. Aims 1-3 and 5 are described here as background information. This study will be a two-site collaborative research effort (Wake Forest \& Duke Univ.) drawing on expertise of investigators steeped in PCST, Internet-based treatment delivery, and development of cost-efficient and maximally-accessible behavioral interventions for migraine and chronic pain. This research will address four specific aims via a mixed-methods approach. In Aim 1 subjects (n=20) will be recruited to participate in user testing of the extant program (PainCOACH1). In Aim 2 subjects (n=64, including migraineurs, members of migraine patient advocacy groups, and clinical professionals trained in headache medicine) will participate in focus groups to provide guidance for appropriately tailoring the program for the treatment of chronic migraine. In Aim 3 feedback from Aims 1 and 2 will be employed to build and develop PainCOACH Migraine which will be beta-tested and refined. In Aim 4 subjects (n=144) will be recruited to participate in a randomized, controlled trial of the PainCOACH Migraine program (versus Medical Treatment as Usual) to demonstrate its feasibility, acceptability and engagement, and promise. Guided by findings from these aims a final exploratory aim will be conducted to optimize the program using prediction models to identify patients at risk for poor outcomes or attrition, and an adaptive therapeutic process targeting improved outcomes for such patients. Ultimately these research efforts will provide data and experience needed to support a subsequent large-scale and methodologically rigorous adaptive trial to test PainCOACH Migraine and enhance understanding of the potentials for Internet-based delivery of behavioral programs for individuals with chronic migraine.
In addition to experiencing chronic pain, disability, and diminished quality of life, individuals with chronic migraine face critical access barriers to traditional, validated, clinic-based behavioral headache treatments (eg, availability of trained therapists, cost, absences from work). Internet-based and mHealth technologies show promise for the treatment of chronic pain conditions and are primed to address barriers to treatment, but have not yet been optimally translated into interventions for chronic migraine. A program of development is proposed to transform a validated, 8-week Internet-based pain-coping skills training (PCST) program (PainCOACH I; original) into a version specific for chronic migraine. PainCOACH I was designed to retain key therapeutic components of in-clinic protocols and includes 8 modules of self-directed, tailored, interactive training in cognitive behavioral pain coping skills. A "virtual coach" provides verbal and visual instruction, feedback, and encouragement guided by theoretically-based learning principles. PainCOACH I has been successfully tested for populations with osteoarthritis and cancer pain, and has been studied in the US and Australia. This clinical trial registration pertains only to Aim 4 of the study. In Aim 4 subjects (n=144) will be recruited to participate in a randomized, controlled trial of the PainCOACH Migraine program (versus Medical Treatment as Usual) to demonstrate its feasibility, acceptability and engagement, and promise.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
DOUBLE
Migraineurs will participate in 4 weeks of daily headache monitoring, baseline questionnaires, followed by 8 weeks of the PainCOACH migraine mHealth Pain Coping Skills Training program (developed by Drs. Keefe and Rini based on social cognitive theory and in-person pain coping therapy sessions). Following the 8 week mHealth intervention, participants will immediately complete post-treatment assessments and later will complete follow-up assessments at 3 and 6 months.
Participants will keep headache diaries for 4 weeks, followed by baseline assessments + 8 weeks of daily headache monitoring (as a parallel to the PainCOACH intervention). Post-assessments will immediately follow, and participants later will complete follow-up assessments at 3 and 6 months.
Feasibility and Engagement
"Feasibility and Engagement" represent a single outcome measure that is measured using the PainCOACH Feasibility Questionnaire, which was developed by Co-Investigators Dr. Rini and Dr. Keefe for evaluating patients'experiences and satisfaction with PainCOACH. This measure has been used extensively in past and present studies conducted by their research teams and others. These instruments will be administered ONLY during the post-treatment assessment interval and includes both qualitative and quantitative survey items. Quantitative survey items will be scaled from 1 to 5 to indicate level of agreement, where "1" indicates "strong agreement" and "5" indicates "strong disagreement".
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 9 months
Change in Migraine Disability
The MIDAS (NINDS CDE 2.0 "highly recommended") was developed to assess headache-related disabilities focusing on care for persons with migraine \[\[Stewart 2000, 2001\]\]. Headache sufferers answer 5 questions (self-administered) related to the last 3 months, indicating the number of days their everyday life has been limited by migraines. MIDAS assesses disability in 3 areas: a) household work, b) paid work and/or school, and c) social, leisure, and family activities. MIDAS is valuable for quantification of headache disability and as a reference for measuring improvement. The MIDAS is widely employed, internally consistent, highly reliable, valid, and correlates with physicians' clinical judgments. The instrument usually takes less than 5 minutes to complete and is easy to understand.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
Change in HIT-6
The HIT-6 (NINDS CDE 2.0 "highly recommended") is a 6-question self-report tool that measures the impact headaches have on a person's ability to function on the job, at home, at school, and in social situations, with items that address a spectrum of health outcomes (ranging from pain to emotional distress)81,82. The HIT-6 is widely use and well validated, and employs a recall period of 4 weeks
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
Change in pain intensity
The Pain NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) will be used to assess pain intensity and to facilitate comparison of findings across trials examining PainCOACH. Specifically, patients are asked to rate average, worst, and least levels of pain intensity over the past week on a scale with ratings ranging from 0 "no pain" to 10 "worst possible pain." Minimally, moderately, and substantially important clinical change are represented by a decrease in score by 10% to 20%, \>=30%, and \>=50%, respectively80. The Pain NRS has been validated as a treatment outcome measure and is recommended as a core outcome measure of clinical trials in chronic pain patients at the IMPAACT-II consensus meeting.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
Change in headache management self-efficacy
The HMSE (Headache Management Self-Efficacy scale) is a 25-item headache-specific measure of self-efficacy employing Likert-type rating scale ranging from 1 to 7 with questions in order to quantify headache patients' confidence in their own ability to prevent and manage headache attacks. The HMSE is established as both reliable and valid.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
Change in headache locus of control scale
The HSLC (Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale) is a 33-item self-report questionnaire designed specifically for recurrent headache sufferers to assess the individual's perceptions that headache problems and headache relief are determined primarily by the individual's behavior (Internal Locus of Control), the actions of health care professionals (Health Care Professionals Locus of Control), or chance factors (Chance Locus of Control). The Likert-type item responses range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Factor analysis confirmed the 3-factor structure of the HSLC, and the reliability of the subscales is established (Cronbach ́s α of .86, .84 and .88 for each factor, respectively) and confirmed.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
Change in pain catastrophizing
The PCS (Pain Catastrophizing Scale) is a 13-item self-report measure of the tendency to ruminate, magnify, or feel hopeless about, that is, catastrophize about pain. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 "not at all" to 4 "all the time," with a total summed scale score ranging from 0 to 52. A score of \>=30 is suggestive of clinically relevant levels of catastrophizing. The PCS was administered at the beginning of each session.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, 5 months, and 8 months
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