The China Valvular Heart Disease Study

Inclusion Criteria: * patients over 60 years old meet one of the following conditions. 1. moderate or above valvular heart disease as defined by echocardiography: （1）aortic stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤1.5cm2, or maximal jet velocity ≥3.0m/sec, or mean pressure gradient ≥20mmHg, （2）aortic regurgitation, moderate or above, or jet width ≥25% of left ventricular outflow tract, or regurgitant volume ≥30ml/beat, or regurgitant fraction ≥30%, （3）mitral stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤1.5cm2, （4）mitral regurgitation, moderate or above, or effective regurgitant orifice ≥0.2cm2, or regurgitant volume ≥30ml/beat, or regurgitant fraction ≥30%, （5）tricuspid stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤1.0cm2, （6）tricuspid regurgitation, moderate or above, or central jet area ≥5.0cm2, （7）pulmonic stenosis, moderate or above, or maximal jet velocity \>4m/sec, （8）pulmonic regurgitation, moderate or above, 2. or patients who had undergone any operation on a cardiac valve (percutaneous balloon commissurotomy, valve repair, valve replacement, transcatheter aortic valve implantation), 3. or diagnosis of endocarditis as assessed by Duke criteria. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients cannot be followed up for any reasons. Patients have been enrolled in this study.