Neurobiological Substrate of Social Context on Cognitive Control in Drug Users

Overview

The aim of the present project is to reveal, using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in drug users, a specific modulation of brain structures and circuits involved in cognitive control (and especially those of inhibitory control) and reward while subjects are performing under the influence of drug-associated cues and in various social contexts. This hypothesis, based on the animal work, is that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) should play a critical role in these processes. Addictive behaviour can be seen as a loss of control resulting from reduced inhibitory control, leading to compulsive drug use. These disorders are known to be associated with a hypoactivation of specific frontal regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex or the prefrontal cortex. For the present experiment, it is chosen to use a procedure well established for neurophysiological and behavioural assessment of inhibitory processes : the " stop-signal reaction time task ". This task requires to inhibit a motor response (press a button) at the onset of a stop signal (a tone) that occurs while the response is already engaged. In this task associated with fMRI, it was previously shown that the STN is involved in the control of inhibition. These results confirm our data in the rat, and especially those showing that STN lesions block the ability to stop. The stop signal task will thus be appropriate to study the effect of the social context on inhibitory processes in a population of cocaine users. In cocaine abusers, it was shown that inhibitory processes are affected. Here we aim at testing this population of subjects while they perform the stop task, but adding an implicit cognitive load induced by visual cues associated or not with cocaine intake. Since it want to assess the influence of a peer on both the performance and the associated cerebral activities, it will also control the presence of a peer observer in the procedure. There will thus be three experimental factors, one inter-subject factor (the experimental group, cocaine users or controls) and two intra-subject factors (cocaine associated or neutral cue; presence of a peer observer). The "stop-signal" task should induce increased activity of the STN that should be modulated by the cocaine-associated cues and by the presence of a peer.