Investigators examined the associations between SSS, energy balance, food intake and changes in body composition following a high calorie lunch for 2 weeks.
Subjective social status (SSS) is inversely associated with body fatness. The physiological and psychological effects of low social status may spur increased energy intake as a strategy to buffer against future food scarcity. Investigators' central hypothesis is that females with low SSS will not compensate for excess calorie consumption in a single large meal as well as individuals with high SSS, and will therefore remain in positive energy balance leading to body fat gain in response to daily large meals. Investigators' objective is to understand the influence of SSS on eating behavior, weight gain, and energetic compensation. Investigators conducted a 14-day feeding protocol that consisted of consumption of a lunch-time meal that was 60% of participants' estimated 24-hour energy requirements each day in female participants between 20-50 years, with a body mass index between 25- 30 kg/m2. Free-living food intake was recorded using the Remote Food Photography Method outside of the lab on days 1-2 (early), 7-8 (middle), and 12-13 (late), to measure compensation in response to the large lunch. 24-Hour energy balance, 24 hour intake and post-lunch energy intake were calculated for those days. Investigators measured body composition using Dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA), weight and resting energy expenditure at the baseline and at the end of the 14 days of the intervention.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
21
For the feeding intervention, participants consumed a meal that contains 60% of their energy daily energy requirement as a lunch time meal for 14 consecutive days under observation except during the weekends. To ensure the participant receives 60% of the daily energy requirement as a lunch meal we added a supplemental shake to the standard 1200 kcal meal.
Average 24 hour energy balance (24hr EB)
We measured 24-hr energy balance to assess the association of SSS with positive energy balance in response to a daily large meal perturbation. Twenty four hour energy balance was calculated for each time point as follows, and all six time points were averaged to get an average energy balance over the 2-week period: 24 hr Energy balance = Average 24 hr Energy intake / Resting Energy Expenditure \*1.4 For the early and middle time point 24EB calculations, baseline resting energy expenditure (REE) was used and for late 24hr EB, final REE obtained at the end of the study was used.
Time frame: Six time points ( Days 1, 2, 7, 8, 12 and 13) measured over the two week feeding protocol.
Average 24 hour energy intake (24hr EI) over a two week period
Amount of total calories consumed over 24 hours. - consists of breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner, evening snack within 24 hours.
Time frame: Average of six time points ( Days 1, 2, 7, 8, 12 and 13) over a two week period
Post-lunch energy intake
Amount of total calories consumed after lunch - consists of afternoon snack, dinner, evening snack.
Time frame: Average of six time points (Days 1, 2, 7, 8, 12 and 13) over a two week period
Percent changes in body fat
Changes in the body fat mass
Time frame: % change from baseline (day 0) to the end of the intervention period (day 14)
Percent changes in body weight
Changes in the body weight
Time frame: % change from baseline (day 0) to the end of the intervention period (day 14)
Changes in adjusted resting energy expenditure
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Resting energy expenditure (REE) was adjusted to the lean mass. the change in adjusted REE = final adjusted REE - baseline adjusted REE
Time frame: change from baseline (day 0) to the end of the intervention period (day 14)