The purpose of this study is to see if drinking beetroot juice (BRJ) is beneficial for aging patients. We hope to determine the effect of BRJ on exercise performance. BRJ improves exercise performance in athletes and normal people. We are trying to determine if BRJ improves exercise performance in aging patients. We will be comparing the effects of BRJ versus the effects of a placebo (BRJ without the nitrates that are naturally occurring in beets and other similar foods). It is thought that the benefits of BRJ may come from its natural nitrate content. Although BRJ is available for purchase in grocery stores, for the purposes of this study it is considered investigational, which means that it has not been approved as a medical therapy.
This study consists of two parts separated by a 14 day wash-out. Subjects will be randomly assigned to receive either the BRJ or placebo during the first part. During the second part they will receive the opposite of what they had during the first part. This is considered a double-blind study, which means neither the subjects nor the investigators will know what form (BRJ or placebo) a subject is receives. Study Visit One (Screening) 1-2 hours The purpose of the screening visit is to explain all aspects of the study. It will also determine if subjects can participate in the study. Subjects will provide a complete medical history and undergo a physical exam. They will have their blood drawn (about 1.5 teaspoons) and provide a urine sample. They will also practice the entire neuromuscular function exercise test. During this test, the strength of their muscles will be determined by having them kick, push and/or pull back as hard as you can while their leg is strapped to an exercise device. A vital signs monitor will measure your blood pressure, heart rate, and rhythm. During the remainder of the study subjects will be instructed to consume their normal diet. However, they will be asked to avoid eating foods high in nitrate such as beets, spinach, and collard greens the evening before each visit. They will be asked to refrain from the use of antibacterial mouthwash, such as Listerine or Cepacol, during the study. Chewing gum, alcohol, and food and drinks containing caffeine (coffee, tea, chocolate, and soft drinks) should be avoided 24 hours prior to each visit. They will be asked to fast for 12 hour prior to each study visit. Study Visit Two - Approximately 5 hours At the beginning of this visit a catheter (small, flexible, sterile plastic tube) will be placed through a vein in one of the subject's arms. This is for collection of blood samples. Blood will be drawn four times during this visit. Each draw will be 6 mL or about 1.2 teaspoons. The first blood draw will check nitrate and nitrite levels. They will then have a breath test to check nitric oxide. They will then drink 140 mL (about 2/3 of a cup) of BRJ (or placebo). Blood and breath samples will be obtained every hour. Heart rate and blood pressure will be measured at the same times the blood and breath samples are obtained. Subjects will then rest quietly in a private room for about 2 hours after ingestion of BRJ (or placebo) then will perform: * The neuromuscular function test that was practiced during the screening visit. * After completing the exercise test they will undergo a muscle biopsy of their thigh muscle. First, the area will be sterilized and numbed with an injection. Next, a small incision (about ¼ inch) will be made and a small biopsy needle will be used to collect a small sample of your muscle (about the size of a pencil eraser). This will be performed on the leg opposite of that used during the neuromuscular test. * One final blood and breath sample will then be obtained. * Subjects will then be provided a 7 day supply of BRJ (or placebo) and will continue to drink two bottles (about 5 oz) every morning. * Subjects will also be provided with an activity tracker. This will be worn at the hip during all waking hours except when bathing or swimming. This monitor will measure total activity time and sedentary time. Study Visit Three - 1-2 hours Subjects will return to the research center with the empty BRJ bottles. At this visit a single blood (1.2 teaspoon) and breath sample will be collected. Subjects will then complete a questionnaire to rate how tired they felt during the previous week. They will be provided another 7 day supply of BRJ (or placebo) and will continue to drink two bottles every morning. Study Visit Four - Approximately 5 hours Subjects will return to the research center and undergo the same procedures as they did in Study Visit Two. They will also complete a questionnaire that will rate how tired they felt during the previous week. Washout After visit four subjects will undergo a 14 day washout period where they will not drink the BRJ (or placebo). There are no dietary restrictions at this time; subjects may consume caffeine, alcohol, gum, mouthwash, etc. Subjects will then repeat Study Visits Two, Three, and Four again. However, during this they will be given the opposite form of BRJ you had received before. Study Visit Five Subjects will repeat the procedures completed during Study Visit Two. Study Visit Six Subjects will repeat the procedures completed during Study Visit Three. Study Visit Seven Subjects will repeat the procedures completed during Study Visit Four.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
47
Indiana University School of Health and Human Sciences
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Maximal Knee Extension Velocity
\*Maximal\* knee extension velocity was determined by having participants perform knee extensions at velocities of 0, 1.57, 3.14, 4.57, and 6.14 radians per second on an isokinetic dynamometer (device that controls velocity while measuring torque). Peak power at each velocity was calculated by multiplying the measured torque by that velocity, then a parabolic function was fit to these calculated data to predict \*maximal\* knee extensor velocity. Higher values are better.
Time frame: 1 day
Muscle Knee Extensor Power
This outcome was determined by having participants perform knee extensions at velocities of 0, 1.57, 3.14, 4.57, and 6.14 radians per second on an isokinetic dynamometer (device that controls velocity while measuring torque). \*Peak\* power at each velocity was calculated by multiplying the measured torque by that velocity, then a parabolic function was fit to these calculated data to predict \*maximal\* knee extensor power. Higher values are better.
Time frame: 1 day
Maximal Knee Extension Velocity
\*Maximal\* knee extension velocity was determined by having participants perform knee extensions at velocities of 0, 1.57, 3.14, 4.57, and 6.14 rad/s on an isokinetic dynamometer (device that controls velocity while measuring torque). Peak power at each velocity was calculated by multiplying the measured torque by that velocity, then \*maximal\* knee extensor velocity was determined by fitting a parabolic function to these data (\*maximal\* knee extension velocity = 2 x fitted velocity at which \*maximal\* power is developed). Higher values are better.
Time frame: 14 days
Maximal Knee Extension Power
\*Maximal\* knee extension power was determined by having participants perform knee extensions at velocities of 0, 1.57, 3.14, 4.57, and 6.14 rad/s on an isokinetic dynamometer (device that controls velocity while measuring torque). \*Peak\* power at each velocity was calculated by multiplying the measured torque by that velocity, then \*maximal\* power was determined by fitting a parabolic function to these data. Higher values are better.
Time frame: 14 days
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