A Prospective Study to Compare Bupivacaine and Exparel Versus Bupivacaine or Exparel Alone for Postoperative Pain Relief

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age 18 or older; 2. Primary indication is low back pain, lumbosacral radiculopathy, lumbar disc degeneration, lumbar disc herniation, stenosis, spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, or deformity requiring surgical intervention; 3. Scheduled to undergo primary, 1 or 2 level, posterior lumbar laminectomy with or without fusion, discectomy with fusion, or fusion at Virtua Memorial Hospital; 4. Willing to provide informed consent, participate in study, and comply with study protocol. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Hypersensitivity or allergy to local anesthetics; 2. Pregnant or contemplating pregnancy prior to surgery; 3. Previous surgery in lumbar spine (i.e. other than microdiscectomy); 4. Prior treatment for alcohol, recreational drug, or opioid abuse; 5. Serious spinal conditions (e.g. spinal cord compression, cauda equina syndrome, spinal infection, spinal tumor, spinal fracture, inflammatory or systemic spinal arthritis); 6. Surgery involving more than 2 vertebral levels; 7. Worker's compensation or personal injury related to lumbar spine (treatment outcomes may be affected by patient's personal interests \[21\]; could also run into potential issues with reimbursement). 8. Lactating women 9. Patients with end stage liver disease