The investigators believe that this simple, clear, and objective study may be a great help in understanding the accommodative response during various accommodative stimulation conditions.
The purpose in this study was to investigate physiological changes in accommodative power, pupil diameter, astigmatic value, and axis when visual stimuli were applied under binocular, monocular (dominant eye, non-dominant eye, ipsilateral, and contralateral), and pinhole conditions using the WAM-5500 binocular autorefractor/keratometer (Grand Seiko Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan).
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
64
: Subjects underwent a basic ophthalmic examination and the accommodative response to refractive stimuli was measured. Refractive stimuli were given at 0.25 diopters (D) (4 m distance), 2D (50 cm), 3D (33 cm), and 4D (25 cm) and stimulation was applied with the eyes in binocular, monocular (dominant eye, non-dominant eye, ipsilateral, and contralateral), and pinhole conditions. In addition, changes in the astigmatic value and direction of the astigmatism axis under binocular stimulus were evaluated.
Accommodative power
Accommodative powers in diopters were measured using WAM-5500 binocular autorefractor/keratometer
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while being under binocular, monocular, and pinhole conditions with one week apart in random order after baseline study
Pupil diameter
Pupil diameters in millimeters were measured using WAM-5500 binocular autorefractor/keratometer
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while being under binocular, monocular, and pinhole conditions with one week apart in random order after baseline study
Astigmatic value and axis change
Astigamtic value in diopters and axis change in degrees were measured using WAM-5500 binocular autorefractor/keratometer The spherical equivalent (sphere + 1/2 cylinder) was used to assess the response to refractive stimuli. The principal meridian of the cylinder for 0.25D refractive stimulus was set to the baseline axis. For 2D, 3D, and 4D refractive stimuli, vertical movement was determined when the baseline meridian moved to the 90' axis, and it was considered horizontal movement when it moved to the 0' or 180' axis.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while being under binocular, monocular, and pinhole conditions with one week apart in random order after baseline study
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