Real-world Comparative Effectiveness of Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Factor Xa Non-vitamin-K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) vs. Phenprocoumon

Inclusion Criteria: * First NOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) or phenprocoumon prescription (index drug) in the enrollment period between 1st January 2013 to 30th June 2017 (index date). * Age of at least 18 years at index date. * Continuous enrollment in the 12 months before the first NOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) or phenprocoumon prescription in the enrollment period (baseline period). * A verified ambulatory or primary/ secondary hospital discharge diagnosis of NVAF in the 12 months before the first NOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) or phenprocoumon prescription in the enrollment period (baseline period). Exclusion Criteria: * A verified ambulatory or primary/ secondary hospital discharge diagnosis of valvular atrial fibrillation, indicating pregnancy, transient cause of atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism (VTE). * A claim for hip or knee replacement surgery in the 60 days prior to or on the index date. * A prescription of more than one oral anticoagulant (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban or phenprocoumon) on the index date. * A prescription of warfarin or dabigatran in the baseline period or on the index date. * A verified ambulatory or primary/ secondary hospital discharge diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease or a claim for dialysis in the baseline period. * Patients receiving an initial dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg/ 2.5 mg or edoxaban 15 mg (these dosages are not indicated for the treatment of NVAF).