Preventing the Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in Premenopausal Women by a Spa Residential Physical Activity Program

University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand90 enrolled

Overview

Osteoporosis is an increasing public health problem. Involution of bone mass in women is due to a reduction in sensitivity of the bone to the mechanical stress due to the slow-down of the bone turnover after 35 years old. Osteoporosis is a silent disease combining a decrease in bone mass (quantity) and an impaired bone microarchitecture (quality) leading to an increased risk of fracture. Bone microarchitecture is an important element to be taken into account in assessing the bone properties, as demonstrated by numerous ex vivo studies. Bone densitometry only identifies 50% of osteoporotic fractures. The other half of the fractures appears in osteopenic women. The measurement of bone mineral density is too limited to assess risk of fracture. Bone microarchitecture can be assessed through a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan (computed tomography peripherical - pQCT). The microarchitecture data allow the calculation of bone strength index (BSI) and stress strength index (SSI) highly predictive of fracture risk. These qualitative determinants of bone fragility are the most relevant to evaluate effect of physical activity over a short period compared with bone mineral content and density, which requires several months of constraints. Biochemical markers of bone turnover, specifically those of bone resorption, are predictive of the risk of osteoporotic fracture. Physical activity can reduce the risk of fracture up to 20-35% via direct effects on bone strength, at any age. However, response of bone varies with modalities of exercise. Repeated exercise produces greater bone adaptations than a single bout. Moreover, it has been well demonstrated since 1970 that bone responds to a dynamic stimulation, but not a static stimulation, with a dose response relationship. It has been confirmed in premenopausal women. The effect of physical activity on microarchitectural bone parameters (porosity and density of cortical and trabecular) has not been investigated in primary prevention. This original study would highlight the effect of short-term specific physical activity on the prevention of bone fragility (qualitative) observed with age in premenopausal women. The main hypothesis is that a spa residential program including physical activity will have greater benefits on bone cortical porosity than a spa residential program alone or physical activity alone, in premenopausal women.

The ThermOs protocol was designed to provide a better understanding of the effect of physical activity on microarchitectural bone parameters (porosity and density of cortical and trabecular), in prevention of bone fragility among premenopausal women. In the present protocol, parameters are measured on four occasions (baseline, 10 days, at 6 months and at 12 months). Statistical analysis will be performed using Stata software (version 13; Stata-Corp, College Station, Tex., USA). All statistical tests will be two-sided and p\<0.05 will be considered significant. After testing for normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), data will be treated either by parametric or non-parametric analyses according to statistical assumptions. Inter-groups comparisons will systematically be performed 1) without adjustment and 2) adjusting on factors liable to be biased between groups. Analysis will be performed using anova or Kruskal-Wallis (KW) tests. When appropriate (p\<0.05), a post-hoc test for multiple comparisons (Tukey-Kramer after anova and Dunn post KW) will be used. Linear regression (with logarithmic transformation if necessary) considering an adjustment on covariates fixed according to epidemiological relevance and observance to physical activity will complete the analysis. Relations between quantitative outcomes will be analyzed using correlation coefficients (Pearson or Spearman) and compared with Chi-squared or Fischer test. Longitudinal data will be treated using mixt-model analyses in order to treat fixed effects group, time and group x time interaction taking into account between and within participant variability.

Interventions

9 days spa residential programBEHAVIORAL

After the inclusion visit, the participants will be involved in a short-term spa residential program of 9 days (Sp). The will be randomized into 3 groups of 30 participants: * Sp-Ex: spa residential program including physical activity * Sp-alone: spa residential program alone * Ex-alone: physical activity alone After the spa residential program, participants will undergo a one-year at-home follow-up. The participants will be required to complete the same program by themselves. A journal and an accelerometer-pedometer watch will record the weekly physical activity performed. Monitoring will be further monthly assessed by a health-care professional from the spa resorts.

3 sessions of 10 minutes per day of physical exerciseBEHAVIORAL

Eligibility

Sex: FEMALEMin age: 40 YearsMax age: 50 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Women with regular cycles * 40-50 years old * Sedentary lifestyle * stable body weight over the previous 6 months * Normal weighted (BMI\<30) * written informed consent. * Affiliated to French health care system (for France) Exclusion Criteria: * Menopausal women * Regular physical activity \> 4 hours / week of moderate or high intensities * Participant refusal to participate * Hepatic, renal, or psychiatric diseases, nor cardiovascular or endocrine diseases (thyroid diseases will be included) * HIV infection * Use of medications altering body weight, corticosteroids, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs * Use of medications influencing bone parameters such as bisphosphonate, other osteoporotic treatment therapy, or chemotherapy * Regular alcohol consumption (\>20g of alcohol per day) * Restricted diet over the previous 6 months * Deficit or supplementation in vitamin D * Protected persons are not excluded

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Variation of bone cortical porosity in premenopausal women after the interventional phase.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a spa residential program including physical activity (Sp-Ex) on bone cortical porosity compared with a spa residential program alone (Sp-alone) or physical activity alone (Ex-alone), in premenopausal women.

Time frame: at Baseline

Variation of bone cortical porosity in premenopausal women

Time frame: after 10 days

Variation of bone cortical porosity in premenopausal women

Time frame: after 6 months

Variation of bone cortical porosity in premenopausal women

Time frame: after 12 months

Secondary Outcomes

bone fracture risk

questionnaire (FRAX - Fracture Risk Assessment Tool, bone fracture risks ; after registering results from DXA and personal details the computer calculates the fracture risks based on an algorithm)