Persistent Multiorgan Failure in Intensive Care Units

Overview

Multiorgan failure (MOF) as a result of any critical condition is a complex set of immunological and biochemical interactions leading to death in patients who are effectively subjected to primary resuscitation (correction of circulatory hypoxia in trauma and blood loss, restoration of blood circulation after operations with artificial circulation. The frequency of MOF varies depending on the primary diagnosis of a critical patient and, according to a number of authors, is 60% for sepsis, and for severe co-occurring trauma up to 40% of all critical patients. However, if one remembers that the MOF is verified only by clinical scales of assessing the severity of the patient's condition, which presupposes the presence of the already existing pathophysiological mechanisms of MOF as multi-organ dysfunction, it is possible to declare a 100% presence of MOF in all critical patients. The data of Graetz et al (2016) show that none of the available three variants of pathophysiological mechanisms (anomaly of microcirculation, persistent inflammation, immune suppression and catabolism, cellular hibernation and staning) have been unambiguously demonstrated, which also reflected the lack of effectiveness of methods therapy, proposed, based on the pathogenesis options for MOF. A so-called danger-model has a special place in the genesis of the persistence of the MOF, which justifies an active search for distress-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns for their objectification and probable elimination. The systemic inflammatory response in patients. included in the study, is not a primary infection. It is also important to determine the role of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) in the genesis of immune suppression as the leading immunological phenotype of MOF in later periods and to evaluate the relationship between DAMP expression and immunosuppressive cells of monocyte origin. The study has a mixed (retro- and prospective) character.

1. Based on the patient database analysis, by the method of continuous sampling of the cardiac surgery patients to the intensive care unit for the period 2006-2018, to determine the clinical risk factors for the development of a persistent MOF (MOF + persistent MOF, which lasts more than 7 days and is determined primarily by based on indicators of objective assessment of the patient's condition - the SOFA scale is more than 8 points on the 7th day of the critical care). To form a prognostic model. 2. By means of biochemical analysis of blood serum and cells, identify biological markers MES specific for distant organs and supplement the prognostic model of persistent MOF. It is planned to detect serum concentrations (1) of surfactant protein A (organ-specific lung marker for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome as manifestations of MOF), (2) intestinal fatty acid binding protein (organ-specific marker of acute intestinal distress (3) S100 protein - a marker of brain damage) with an assessment of prognostic and diagnostic significance with respect to the MOF. 3. To assess the prognostic and diagnostic significance of serum mitochondrial DNA as one of the variants of the danger-associated molecular pattern. 4. To characterize the presence of an immunosuppressive phenotype of a critical patient with MOF by examining the expression and serum concentration of: (a) myeloid suppressor cells; (b) T-reg cells expressing CD39; (c) CD62 and CD11b expression on neutrophils on monocytes; (d) soluble sTREM-1, (e) HLA-DR on monocytes. In addition, it will be planned to study the "classic" serum cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1,6,8,10, HMGB-1). 5. On the basis of the diagnostic panel obtained, to try to conduct an individualized choice of methods of preventive therapy for MOF. It is proposed to use: (1) cytokine modulation of the systemic inflammatory response by sorption of cytokines on selective sorbents, (2) cytokine modulation by sorption of cytokines on polymethylmethacrylate membranes. It is assumed that in order for these methods to be preventative, they should be used not only in conditions of treatment in the intensive care unit, but also in the operating room at the time of extracorporeal perfusion.