Program Evaluation of an In-school Daily Physical Activity Initiative

Change in self-esteem from baseline to 20-weeks

Measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. This is a 10-item measure that has shown to have good construct validity in children. The scale is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (Strongly Disagree) to 3 (Strongly Agree). An example item is "On the whole, I am satisfied with myself." Items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 are reverse scored. The scores for the 10 items are then summed, with higher scores indicating higher self-esteem.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in grit from baseline to 20-weeks

Assessed with the 8-item Short Grit Scale for Children. The items are scored on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Not at all like me) to 5 (Very much like me). An example item is "New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from previous ones." Items 1,3,5,6 were reversed scored and all items were summed with higher scores indicating better results.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in Global Happiness from baseline to 20-weeks

Measured using the 4-item Subjective Happiness Scale. The scale is scored on a seven-point Likert-type scale. Each item has its own stem and anchors ranging from 1 to 7. An example item stem is "In general I consider myself…" with 1 anchored as Not a very happy person and 7 anchored as A very happy person. The scale has demonstrated good psychometric properties in children and adolescents. The sum of scores is divided by four with a higher score indicating a greater level of happiness.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in Commitment to School from baseline to 20-weeks

Assessed with 5 items drawn from the 10-item Commitment to School scale. The scale consists of 10-items scored on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). A subset of five-items was selected, scored on a five-point Likert-type ranging from 1 (Not at all true for me) to 5 (Really true for me). An example item is "You try really hard at school." The 5 items were summed with higher score indicating greater commitment to school.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in Sense of Belonging at School from baseline to 20-weeks

Measured using the 5-item short form version of the Sense of Belonging Scale. An example item is "I feel comfortable at my school." Two items were reverse scored, and the items were summed with higher scores indicating a greater sense of belonging at school.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in Physical Activity from baseline to 20-weeks

Assessed with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The PAQ-C was designed for children in grades 4-8 who have recess as a regular part of their school week. The PAQ-C is a 9-item 7-day recall instrument that has been shown to have good psychometric properties. We omitted the first item from this questionnaire because it asked about the types of physical activity performed, and we were interested only in overall levels of participation. An example item is "In the last 7 days, what did you do most of the time at recess?" The items were averaged together to generate a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of participation in physical activity.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks

Change in Self-efficacy from baseline to 20-weeks

Self-efficacy for engaging in physical activity, sports, and active play was assessed using a three-item scale adhering to recommendations by Bandura for assessing self-efficacy. Each item was prefaced with the stem "I am confident in my ability to engage in…" The individual items were "Physical activity (e.g., running, yoga, skating)," "Sports (e.g., soccer, baseball, ultimate Frisbee)," and "Activity play (e.g., playing with friends at recess or after school)." Following guidelines provided by Bandura, participants rated their confidence for each item using an 11-point scale (0=not confident, 10=totally confident). A generalized task self-efficacy overall score was computed by averaging the ratings for each item to produce a scale value out of 10. Higher scores indicate more favorable self-efficacy.

Time frame: Change from baseline to 20-weeks