At present, pediatric postoperative analgesia has not been fully understood and controlled, particularly craniotomy surgery. On the one hand, professional evaluation of postoperative pain for young children is difficult; on the other hand, the particularity of craniotomy adds (such as consciousness obstacle, sleepiness, et al) disturbance to the pain assessment in children. Although opioids administration is regarded as the first-line analgesic for post-craniotomy pain management, it may be associated with delayed awakening, respiratory depression, hypercarbia and it may interfere with the neurologic examination. For the avoidance of side-effects of systemic opioids, local anesthetics administered around the incision have been performed clinically. However, some studies revealed that the analgesic effect of local anesthetics was unsatisfactory due to its short pain relief duration, steroid as adjuvant can enhance postoperative analgesia and prolong postoperative analgesia time. As is reported that postoperative pain of craniotomy is mainly caused by skin incision and reflection of muscles, preventing the liberation of inflammatory mediators around the incision seems to be more effective than simply blocking nerve conduction. Thus, investigators suppose that pre-emptive scalp infiltration with steroid (Methylprednisolone) plus local anesthetic (ropivacaine) could relieve postoperative pain after craniotomy in children.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
90
The local infiltration solution containing 1.25mg Methylprednisolone per milliliter.
The local infiltration solution containing 2mg Ropivacaine per milliliter.
Cumulative fentanyl consumption within 24 hours postoperatively
The PCIA device provides bolus (0.5µg/kg, 10min lock-out time) and the maximum dose will be limited as 2µg/kg per hour. If the patients feel inadequate analgesia after 5 times of fentanyl bolus, the bolus dose will be increased to 1 µg/kg and the maximum dose will be increased to 4 µg/kg per hour
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
The number of participants who have no fentanyl consumption
The number of participants who have not pushed the button of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump. Both of the initial dose and background infusion of the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump in this study will be set at 0. Participants will be advised to push the analgesic demand button if they feel pain.
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
The first time to press the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia button
The first time that the participants press the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia button.
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
The total times that participants press patient-controlled intravenous analgesia button
The total times that participants press patient-controlled intravenous analgesia button including effective presses and ineffective presses.
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)
The NRS is a segmented numeric scale in which a respondent selects a whole number (0-10 integers) that best reflects the intensity of their pain. (0 indicates no pain, 10 indicates the most severe pain imaginable. Significant or moderate pain will be defined as NRS ≥4. Severe pain will be defined as a pain score ≥7.
Time frame: At 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours，48 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after surgery
Pain control satisfaction score(PCSS)
PCSS (0 for unsatisfactory, and 10 for very satisfied) will be assessed patient satisfaction
Time frame: At 24 hours，48 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after surgery
length of stay (LOS)
LOS will be recorded as the number of nights spent in hospital after surgery.
Time frame: At 24 hours，48 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after surgery
The occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was rated by participants as: 0, absent; 1, nausea not requiring treatment; 2, nausea requiring treatment; and 3, vomiting.
Time frame: The duration of hospitalization after the operation
Ramsay Sedation Scale（RSS）
1: Anxious, agitated, restless; Ramsey 2: Cooperative, oriented, tranquil; Ramsey 3: Responsive to commands only If Asleep; Ramsey 4: Brisk response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus; Ramsey 5: Sluggish response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus; Ramsey 6: No response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus.Oversedation will be defined as a score of \>2
Time frame: At 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours after surgery
The time to first water and oral intake request, scales of oral intake after operation
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
The occurrence of respiratory depression
Respiratory depression is defined as persistent (more than 1 minutes) oxygen desaturation 90 percent or respiratory rate less than 8 breaths per minute, or oxygen desaturation less than 94 percent along with respiratory rate less than 10 breaths per minute requiring supplemental oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation more than 94 percent in the absence of clinically obvious upper airway obstruction.
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
Emergence delirium
Emergence delirium will be assessed using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. (1) The child makes eye contact with the caregiver, (2) the child's actions are purposeful, (3) the child is aware of his/her surroundings, (4) the child is restless, and (5) the child is inconsolable. Items 1, 2, and 3 are reversed scored as follows: 4 not at all, 3 just a little, 2 quite a bit, 1 very much, 0 extremely. Items 4 and 5 are scored as follows: 0 not at all, 1 just a little, 2 quite a bit, 3 very much, 4 extremely. The scores of each item were summed to obtain a total PAED scale scores. Emergence agitation will be considered a total score of \>12 at any time.
Time frame: Within 24 hours after the operation
Heart rate
Time frame: During the operation and at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours after surgery
Mean arterial pressure
Time frame: During the operation and at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours after surgery
The total consumption of opioids during the operation
Time frame: During procedure
The total consumption of anaesthetic during the operation
Time frame: During procedure
Incisional related adverse events
Incisional related adverse events Including delayed incisional healing, incisional infection, intracranial infection, scar healing.
Time frame: Within 1 month after surgery
The occurrence of the Adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs)
An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence. An SAE included death, immediately life-threatening conditions, coma, in-patient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation.
Time frame: Within 6 month after surgery
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