Femoral Neck Fracture in Adult and Avascular Necrosis and Nonunion

Overview

One of the most serious sequelae of femoral neck fractures (FNFs) is avascular necrosis (AVN) and nonunion, and this translates to a significant morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the etiologies and management of FNFs in our institution and its relationship to the development of AVN or nonunion.

Femoral neck fractures (FNFs) are fractures of the flattened pyramidal bone connecting the femoral head and the femoral shaft. It is not so common in healthy individuals but common among athletes, military recruits, and young adults because of high energy cases such as sports and road traffic accidents, in adults due to falls, in women with estrogen imbalances, and in patients with bone mineralization and deficiencies. In the USA in 2013, there were a reported 146 cases per 100,000 population. Mortality can be high as much as 30% at one year particularly if there is delaying management over 24 hours. FNFs are classified using the Garden Classification based on anteroposterior radiographs into Types I to IV wherein Type I is incomplete fracture, Type II is complete but non-displaced fracture, Type III is complete and partially displaced fracture and Type IV is complete and fully displaced femur. Another classification is the Pauwel's classification which is a biomechanical classification based on the vertical orientation of the fracture line, and is commonly used to determine the appropriate treatment for FNFs particularly among younger adults. The radiographic union score for hip (RUSH) is a scoring used to describe healing of femoral neck fractures, particularly among patients who might require additional surgery, in which patients with a 6-month RUSH score \<18 have a greater probability of undergoing reoperation. Surgical management of FNFs include open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) which has some fixation failures, primary total hip arthroplasty (TA) which is cost-effective for displaced FNFs in patients 45-65 years old, cannulated screw (CS) fixation for the young and middle-aged patients, dynamic hip screw fixation (DHS), and hemiarthroplasty. The decision to use either of the surgical management depends on several factors including displacement of the femoral neck, presence of hip joint arthritis, age, and other factors. Around 24% of patients who had THA underwent revision within 5 years because of aseptic loosening, infection and many other causes. Some surgeons however prefer ORIF and some prefer THA for displaced FNFs particularly among active older patients with Garden III fracture. One of the most serious sequelae of FNFs is avascular necrosis (AVN) which occurs in 10-45% of patients with FNFs, particularly those who have displaced and nonunion FNFs. Nonunion occurs in almost 20% of FNFs, more common in men than women, and common with increasing age. Around 33% of displaced FNFs are associated with complications. One study showed that age and the type of fixation are not significantly correlated to the incidence of AVN, but the amount of vascular damage at the time of the fracture determines the development of vascular necrosis. On the other hand, a separate study showed that the fracture type and age are the most significant predictors of the development of AVN. It has been mentioned that time is essential in the management of FNFs particularly in the development of AVN. One study showed that the rates of AVN increases over time when patients underwent surgery before 12 hours had elapsed and after 12 hours from 12.5% to 14.0%, while another study showed that a delay of more than 48 hours before surgery did not influence the rate of union or the development of AVN when compared with operation within 48 hours of injury. Some studies reported that bleeding from the holes of cannulated screws predict the development of AVN, some due to damage to the blood supply of the femoral head brought about by the initial high energy trauma, and some due to the extent of fracture displacement. Other studies have suggested that FNFs treated using cannulated screws particularly among middle-aged and elderly patients have less incidence of AVN. Because of these, we undertook this study to determine the relationship between the etiologies and management of FNFs in our institution and its relationship to the development of AVN or nonunion.

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Eligibility

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Outcomes