The Difficult Airway

Overview

Patients who are obese, as defined by a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 may be more difficult to intubate than non-obese patients. Traditional methods of airway assessment such as Mallampati score, mouth opening, and thyromental distance may not be the best predictors of difficult intubation. Patients who are scheduled to have non-stat surgery at Parkland Memorial Hospital will be asked to participate in this study and sign a written consent form. Physiologic measurements including but not limited to thyromental distance, sternomental distance, Mallampati score, mouth opening, interincisor distance, and mandibular protrusion will be measured and recorded. All measurements are non invasive. The remaining aspects of perioperative care, including the general anesthetic technique, will be standardized for all patients and will not differ from the standard of care. There will be no incentive or payment to the patients. This prospective study is intended to enroll 4500 consecutive surgical patients. Lean patients (BMI \< 30 kg/m2) who are intubated by the same anesthesia providers during the same time period will be included as the control group and to report the incidence of difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation in our general surgical population, which has not previously been defined.

The study will enroll 4500 ASA physical status 1-4 patients who are scheduled to undergo surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia (GETA) at Parkland Hospital. A research assistant will identify eligible patients using the electronic medical record. After it is deemed that the patient satisfies all inclusion and exclusion criteria, the anesthesia provider or research assistant will approach the patient in the preoperative surgery holding area to ask for their permission to enroll in the study. Only study team personnel will ask potential patients for participation in the study; anesthesia providers who are not study team personnel will not be allowed to consent patients for the study. All relevant information to the study will be provided and the patient will be asked to sign an informed consent. After consent is obtained, measurements of the patient's anatomical features including thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference, interincisor distance, mandibular protrusion, and Mallampati score will be taken and recorded by the research assistant or anesthesia provider. In the operating room, patients will have standard ASA monitors (NIBP, SpO2, EKG, ETCO2, temperature) placed. Lean patients will be placed in the standard "sniffing" position while obese patients will be placed in the "ramped" position as previously described. All patients will undergo pre-oxygenation for at least 3 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Patients will undergo induction of general anesthesia according to a standardized protocol that does not differ from the usual standard of care. The initial blade used for laryngoscopy will be selected by the anesthesia provider according to the characteristics of the patient as has been recommended by previous authors. After induction of general anesthesia, a research assistant will ask the anesthesia provider the degree of difficulty of mask ventilation and laryngoscopy using a standardized questionnaire modified from the intubation difficulty score. For mask ventilation, any adjunct use of equipment such as an oral airway or nasopharyngeal airway will be recorded. If two-handed ventilation is used, it will be recorded as well. The type of laryngoscope blade and Cormack-Lehane grade during laryngoscopy will be recorded. The level of training of the laryngoscopist (resident vs CRNAs vs faculty) and how many years they have been in that role will be recorded. The time from induction to intubation will also be recorded, based on the time those events are marked in the electronic medical record, as well as the lowest SpO2 that occurred between induction to intubation. The intubation difficulty scale (IDS), which has previously been validated, will be used to score the intubation. This scale has been used in comparing difficult tracheal intubation in lean vs. obese patients. The IDS will be comprised of 7 questions with numerical values for each question, resulting in a cumulative score. Those with an IDS score \<5 will be considered "not difficult" and those with an IDS score ≥5 will be considered "difficult." A "failed intubation" will be defined as that in which the airway cannot be secured in a non-invasive fashion (e.g., cricothyrotomy) or the patient has to be awakened. The 7 questioned used to determine the IDS score will be the same as those used by Adnet et al: 1. Number of additional intubation attempts 2. Number of additional operators 3. Number of alternative intubation techniques used 4. Laryngoscopic view (Grade 1 = 0, Grade 2 = 1, Grade 3 = 2, Grade 4 = 3) Cormack Lehane grades \[13\]: * Grade 1- vocal cords completely visible * Grade 2- arytenoids visible but cords not completely visible * Grade 3- only epiglottis visible * Grade 4- epiglottis not visible 5. Lifting force applied during laryngoscopy (0 if inconsiderable and 1 if considerable force used) 6. External laryngeal pressure applied for optimized glottic exposure (0 if no, 1 if yes) 7. Position of vocal cords at intubation (0 if abducted or not visible, 1 if adducted) Protected patient information including name, medical record number, and date of birth will be recorded. Demographic data such as height, weight, BMI, race, and gender will also be recorded. All patients will receive a standardized general anesthetic that is usual and customary for patients undergoing their scheduled operation. Additional information gathered will include ASA status, presence of comorbidities (e.g, OSA, HTN, DM), thyromental distance, sternomental distance, ability to protrude mandibular teeth over maxillary teeth, interincisor distance, ability to have full range of motion of the neck, Mallampati score, and neck circumference. * Neck circumference will be measured at the level of the cricoid cartilage with the patient's neck in neutral position. * Thyromental distance is thought to be an indicator of mandibular space. It will be measured as the distance from the prominentia laryngea of the thyroid cartilage to the symphysis of the mandible with the patient in maximum neck extension with the mouth closed. * Sternomental distance will be measured as the distance from the sternal notch to the symphysis of the mandible with the patient in maximum neck extension with the mouth closed. * Mallampati status will be obtained with the patient in an upright sitting position with the head in neutral position. Patients will be asked to open their mouth as wide as possible with tongue protrusion without phonation. Pharyngeal structures will be assess and classification will be performed according to the structures seen (Class 1 = soft palate, fauces, uvula, tonsillar pillars; Class 2 = soft palate, fauces, uvula; Class 3 = soft palate, base of uvula only; Class 4 = soft palate not visible). * The ability of the patient to protrude their lower teeth over their upper lip (upper lip bite test) will be assessed. Class 1 = lower incisors can bite the upper lip above the vermilion line; Class 2 = lower incisors can bite the upper lip below the vermilion line; Class 3 = lower incisors cannot bite the upper lip \[9\]. * Neck range of motion will be graded on a binary scale. Those will full range of motion in flexion and extension will be graded as full and those without full range of motion will be graded as limited. * Interincisor distance will be measured as the maximum distance between the central incisors (teeth 9 and 24 or teeth 8 and 25). Patients who are edentulous will have their gum-to-gum distance recorded as the interincisor distance.