This research will investigate different aspects of the 'signalling' between mother and infant during breastfeeding in a stressful situation following late preterm and early term delivery, when breastfeeding is often challenging. The researcher will conduct a single-blinded randomised controlled trial in Chinese mothers who deliver a late preterm infant (LPI; 34 0/7-36 6/7 weeks of gestation) and mothers who deliver a early term infant (ETI; 37 0/7-37 6/7) and plan to exclusively breast-feed.This study will investigate the role of the milk and infant gut microbiome as a potential 'signal' in this process. A relaxation intervention (meditation tape) will be used to reduce stress levels in mothers who are expressing breast-milk or breastfeeding their infant (born at 34 0/7-37 6/7 weeks completed gestation). This study will investigate whether lower levels of stress in the mother result in more successful and effective breastfeeding, leading to improved infant outcomes (better growth, longer sleep duration and reduced crying).
Participants will be recruited while they are in the maternity hospital. A baseline assessment will be conducted during the 1-week postpartum home visit, with another study visit at 8 weeks after delivery. After obtaining written informed consent, subjects will be randomly assigned to either the intervention arm or control conditions (standard management). Participants will be told that the aim of the study is to investigate factors that may make breastfeeding easier for mothers with a LPI and ETI, so they can breast-feed for longer. They will not be told about the randomisation until the end of the study, as this knowledge would most likely lead to mothers in the control group using some form of relaxation therapy. Background characteristics of mothers and their early feeding experiences will be recorded. Participants can choose to complete the questionnaires on paper or online in their own time after the study visit. A breast milk sample will be collected pre-feed and infant anthropometry will be assessed by a trained nurse pre-feed at each home visit. Feed duration will be noted by the trained nurse. Stool samples of infants who were born vaginally will be collected by a trained nurse at baseline and at 8-weeks. At 3-month and 6-month postpartum, there will be a telephone contact to the participants for follow-up. Participants will be invited to complete the infant questionnaires again on paper or online in their own time.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
96
The tape used in this study is based on a meditation CD designed for breastfeeding mother (Menelli, 2004). The recording will be transcribed and translated into Chinese language by a certified yoga therapist.
Beijing Children Hospital
Beijing, China
Zhuang Wei
Beijing, China
Changes in maternal stress from baseline to 8 weeks postpartum
Measurement for maternal stress will use the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS is a 14-item psychological self-rating scale for measuring the perception of stress on a scale of five, from 0 (never) to 4 (very often).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant weight
Infant weight will be measured at baseline and the 8-week home visit (unit kg)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant length
Infant length will be measured at baseline and the 8-week home visit (unit cm)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant head circumference
Infant head circumference will be measured at baseline and the 8-week home visit (unit cm)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant temperament
Measured using the revised Rothbart Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (RIBQ) at 2 months of age. The RIBQ is a 7-point Likert scale, from 1 (never) to 7 (always). Three major dimensions will be used for the assessment of infant temperament; surgency/extraversion, negative affectivity and orienting/regulation.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant behaviour
Measured by 3-day infant behaviour diary (average mins per day spent in each behavioural state). The diary consists of a time scale for 72 hours, which is divided into 15 minutes segments, and has five categories of behaviour: Sleeping, Awake and content, Fussy, Crying and Feeding.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Infant appetite
Measured using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ) at 2 months of age. It consists of 18 items designed to measure four traits: "enjoyment of food" (4 items), "food responsiveness" (5 items), "slowness in eating" (4 items), and satiety responsiveness" (5 items). The mothers in this study will be asked to rate all items based on a scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Composition of milk macronutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrate）
Measured by Mid-infrared milk analyser (unit is g/100ml)
Time frame: 10 minutes
Composition of microbiota in breastmilk samples at one week and 8-week postpartum
Measured using the 16S rRNA based amplicon sequencing technique
Time frame: 8 weeks
Composition of microbiota in stool samples at one week and 8-week postpartum
Measured using the 16S rRNA based amplicon sequencing technique
Time frame: 8 weeks
Breast milk volume at 8 weeks
The milk volume will be measured using the test-weighing method.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Energy content of the milk
The energy content will estimated from the milk volume measurement provided by Mid-infrared milk analyser in ml and kcal/100ml
Time frame: 10 minutes
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